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² Dehousse, Renaud, Institutional Reform in the European Community: Are There Alternatives to the Majoritarian Avenue? (European Univ. Inst., EUI Working Paper RSC 95/4, 1995).Google Scholar

³ See 89 BverfGE 155; see also R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd. No.2 [1991] 1 A.C. 603, 659.Google Scholar

⁴ International Organizations (Jan Klabbers ed., 2005).Google Scholar

⁵ See Preamble to 1957 Treaty of Rome Establishing the European Economic Community, Mar. 25, 1957; see also Urwin, Derek, The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration (1995); see also Pinder, John & Usherwood, Simon, The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (2013); see also Pinder, John, The Building of the European Union (1998).Google Scholar

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⁸ For example, the Polish parliament's failure to amend the constitution to implement Council Framework Decision 2002/584 of 13 June 2002 on the European Arrest Warrant, which formed part of the acquis at the point of accession; see Piqani, Darinka, Arguments for a Holistic Approach in European Constitutionalism: What Role for National Institutions in Avoiding Constitutional Conflicts Between National Constitutions and EU Law, 8(3) Eur. Const. L. Rev. 493, 503 (2012).Google Scholar

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¹⁰ See TEU art. 4(3); Case C-266/03, Commission v. Luxembourg, 2005 E.C.R. I-0000 (interpreting Article 4(3) as entailing enforceable substantive and procedural obligations).Google Scholar

¹¹ Gw. [Constitution], art. 93 (Neth.).Google Scholar

¹² Gw. [Constitution], art. 94 (Neth.).Google Scholar

¹³ See Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, 1963 E.C.R. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See Case 6/64, Costa v. ENEL, 1964 E.C.R. 585; see also Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft, 1970 E.C.R. 1126.Google Scholar

¹⁵ The European Communities Act, 1972, c. 68, § 2(4) (U.K.) [hereinafter “The Communities Act”].Google Scholar

¹⁶ See id. c. 68, §§ 3(1)–(2).Google Scholar

¹⁷ See Costa at 585; see generally Internationale Handelsgesellschaft.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Macarthys Ltd v. Smith [1981] Q.B. 199; see also Garland v. British Rail Engineering [1982] 2 All E.R 402; see also Marshall v. Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Authority [1986] Q.B. 401; see also R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd. [1989] 2 All E.R. 692; see also Thoburn v. Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See the Court of Appeal's position in relation to a statute preceding the Communities Act in Macarthys Ltd v. Smith [1981] Q.B. 199 and the House of Lord's position in relation to a statute subsequent to the Communities Act in R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd. [1989] 2 All E.R. 692.Google Scholar

²⁰ See Thoburn v. Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195, 60–62.Google Scholar

²¹ See Allan, T.R.S., Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law, Politics and Revolution, 113 L.Q. Rev. 443 (1997); see also H.W.R. Wade, Sovereignty: Revolution or Evolution?, 112 L.Q. Rev. 568 (1996).Google Scholar

²² See R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd. No.2 [1991] 1 A.C. 603, 659.Google Scholar

²³ See Attorney General for Canada v. Attorney General for Ontario [1937] A.C. 326.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Crown Prerogatives (Parliamentary Control) Bill, HC Parliamentary Business, Mar. 3, 1999, available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199899/cmbills/055/1999055.htm.Google Scholar

²⁷ Tam Dalyell MP introduced a private member's bill, the Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill, which received its first formal reading on 26 January 1999 but failed to progress due to the Queen's refusal to grant consent for debate on the prerogative power to wage war. The bill can be seen at http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199899/cmbills/035/1999035.htm. See also 13 Feb. 2003, 339 Parl. Deb., H.C. (2003) 1056–73 (UK); see also 10 Mar. 2003, 401 Parl. Deb., H.C. (2003) 32, 35, 38; see also 17 Mar. 2003, 401 Parl. Deb., H.C. (2003) 703–23.Google Scholar

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²⁹ Watt, N., R. Mason & N. Hopkins, MPs force Cameron to Rule Out British Assault on Syria, The Guardian (Aug. 30, 2013), http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/aug/30/cameron-mps-syria (showing how many MPs reported acting on overwhelming opposition from their constituents expressed via Twitter, emails and meetings).Google Scholar

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³¹ For an example, see Irish Supreme Court, Case 1986 No. 12036P, Crotty v. An Taoiseach, [1987] I.R. 713, establishing the constitutional practice of referendums for EU treaty reforms. Section 20(2) of the Danish Constitution allows for transfer of powers to the EU by statute adopted by a five-sixths parliamentary majority or simple majority public vote. Ireland, Denmark, and the UK are the only member states constitutionally requiring a referendum. Referendums in France, the Netherlands, Spain, and Luxembourg in 2005 on the Constitutional Treaty were not constitutionally required. See Mendez, Fernando & Mendez, Mario, Referendums and European Integration: Beyond the Lisbon Vote, Public Law 223 (2010).Google Scholar

³² See French Conseil Constitutionnel [Constitutional Court] reviews of the Constitutional Treaty and the Lisbon Treaty under Article 54 of the French Constitution: Conseil constitutionnel [CC] [Constitutional Court] decision No. 2004-505DC, Nov. 19, 2004 (Fr.); Conseil constitutionnel [CC] [Constitutional Court] decision No. 2007-560DC, Dec. 20, 2007. See also Ústavní soud České republiky dne 26.11.2008 (ÚS) [Constitutional Court] [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Nov. 26, 2008], sp.zn PI. ÚS 19/08 (Czech); Ústavní soud České republiky dne 3.11.2009 (ÚS) [Constitutional Court] [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Nov. 3, 2009], sp.zn PI. ÚS 29/09.Google Scholar

³³ See reviews of the Hungarian Constitutional Court and Polish Constitutional Tribunal after ratification of the Lisbon Treaty: Case 143/2010 (VII. 14.) Treaty of Lisbon, Judgment of July 12, 2010; Case K 32/09 Treaty of Lisbon, judgment of Nov. 24, 2010.Google Scholar

³⁴ For example, Article 93.1 no. 2 of the German Basic Law restricts complainants to the Federal Government, a Land government, or one fourth of the members of the Bundestag. The Austrian constitution restricts post-legislative complaints to individuals who can show infringement of personal rights directly affecting them.Google Scholar

³⁵ For example, Danish referendums on the Single European Act, the Maastricht Treaty, and the Amsterdam Treaty, and on whether Denmark should join the euro, which it has not; 2005 French and Dutch referendums voted against the Constitutional Treaty.Google Scholar

³⁶ See TEU arts. 6(3), 42(2); see also TFEU arts. 25, 223(1), 262, 311.Google Scholar

³⁷ For example, Deputies of the Austrian parliament failed to achieve the necessary one-third majority under Article 140.1 of the Austrian Federal Constitutional Law to demand a review of constitutionality of ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. After ratification they filed an individual petition, which was rejected by the Austrian Constitutional Court. Verfassungsgerichtshof (VfGH) [Constitutional Court], Case SV 1/10-9 Treaty of Lisbon II, order of June 12, 2010.Google Scholar

³⁸ See concerns expressed by EU Commissioner for the Internal Market and Services in the speech at Europe House, London, July 12, 2013, called The Single Market in Financial Services: We Need the UK on Board, available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-13-636_en.htm.Google Scholar

³⁹ Mendez, & Mendez, , supra note 31, at 227–29.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Grundgesetz] [GG] [Basic Law], art. 23.1 (Ger.).Google Scholar

⁴¹ Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvE 2/08, para. 243 (June 30, 2009), https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208en.html.Google Scholar

⁴² Grundgesetz [GG] [Basic Law], arts. 23.1, 79.2, 79.3.Google Scholar

⁴³ See 89 BverfGE 155; see also Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvE 2/08, (June 30, 2009).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ See Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvE 2/08, para. 270 (June 30, 2009).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvR 1390/12 (Sept. 12, 2012) [hereinafter ESM Treaty Temporary Injunctions]; See Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvR 1390/12 (Mar. 18, 2014) [hereinafter ESM Treaty Decision].Google Scholar

⁴⁶ See 89 BverfGE 155, paras. 56–63, 94–96; see also Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvE 2/08, paras. 210, 246–60, 375, 383 (June 30, 2009); see also ESM Treaty Temporary Injunctions at paras. 208–15, 286–87; see also ESM Treaty Decision at paras. 160–66.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Tekst Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 2 kwietnia 1997 r. [Constitution] arts. 90(1), (2) (Poland).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ See id. arts. 90(3), (4).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See id. art. 125(1).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ See id. arts. 125(1), (2).Google Scholar

⁵¹ See K18/04 Polish Membership of the European Union (Accession Treaty), Polish Constitutional Tribunal, Judgment of May 11, 2005; K32/09 Treaty of Lisbon, Judgment of Sept. 24, 2010; P1/05 Application of the European Arrest Warrant to Polish Citizens, Polish Constitutional Tribunal, Decision of Apr. 27, 2005; K33/12 The Act on the ratification of the European Council Decision of Mar. 25, 2011 amending Article 136 TFEU with regard to a stability mechanism for Member States whose currency is the euro, Judgment of June 26, 2013 [hereinafter ESM Decision].Google Scholar

⁵² See ESM Decision at 84 (dissenting Opinion of Judge Marek Zubik (English translation)).Google Scholar

⁵³ Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, c. 25, § 20 [hereinafter The Reform Act].Google Scholar

⁵⁴ See id. § 20(1)(a), (c).Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See id. §§ 20(4)–(5), 20(8), 22(1).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ European Union Act 2011, c. 12, § 14(2)(c) [hereinafter The EU Act].Google Scholar

⁵⁷ See id. § 18.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See Gordon, Michael & Dougan, Michael, The United Kingdom's European Union Act 2011: Who Won the Bloody War Anyway?, Eur. L. Rev. 3, 7–8 (2012) (arguing that § 18 does not represent a “sovereignty clause” and fails to explain how UK law is reconciled with EU supremacy).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See The EU Act § 9(3).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See id. § 10(1)(a) (relating to Article 56 of the TFEU).Google Scholar

⁶¹ See id. § 10(4) (relating to Article 6(2) of TEU). Accession must be agreed to unanimously under Article 218(8) TFEU, after approval by member states in accordance with their constitutional requirements.Google Scholar

⁶² See id. § 10(1)(b)–(f): Amendment to the Statute of the European System of Central Banks or of the European Central Bank (Article 129(3) of TFEU); an increase in the number of Advocates-General (Article 252 of TFEU); the establishment of specialized courts attached to the General Court (Article 257 of TFEU); amendment to the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union (Article 281 of TFEU); amendment to the Statute of the European Investment Bank (Article 308 of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁶³ See id. § 7(2)(a) (relating to Article 25 of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ See id. § 7(2)(b) (relating to Article 223(1) of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See id. § 7(2)(c) (relating to Article 262 TFEU).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ See id. § 7(2)(d) (relating to Article 311 TFEU).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ See id. § 7(4)(a) (relating to Article 17(5) TEU).Google Scholar

⁶⁸ See id. § 7(4)(b) (relating to Article 48(7) TEU). The certain EU areas relate to all those provisions not listed in Schedule 1 of the EU Act (for example, family law with cross-border implications and the number of Advocates-Generals).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ See id. § 7(4)(c) (relating to Article 64(3) of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁷⁰ See id. § 7(4)(d) (relating to Article 126(14) of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁷¹ See id. §§ 7(4)(e)–(f) (relating to Articles 333(1) and 333(2) of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁷² See id. § 8(3) (relating to Article 352 of TFEU). But note two other methods for approval of general competence decisions: Motion before Parliament and each House agrees without amendment (§ 8(4)); or a statement to Parliament that the decision is exempt from approval (§ 8(5)).Google Scholar

⁷³ “Act of parliament” is referred to eleven times, and “parliamentary approval” seven times.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ See The EU Act §§ 2(2), 3(2).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Emphasis added. Section 13(1)(c) of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendum Act 2000, c. 41, (The PPERA) already requires the Electoral Commission to promote public awareness of the institutions of the EU.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Under the PPERA the Electoral Commission has wide ranging powers: Section 6B observations of working practices by representatives of the Commission; Section 6C and 6D accredited election observers; Section 8 powers regarding elections exercisable on recommendation of the Commission; Section 11 broadcasters to have regard to Commission's views on party political broadcasts.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Sections 125–27 of the PPERA set general restrictions on publication of promotional material and campaign broadcasts but not in relation to the accuracy of information.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ See The EU Act § 2(1) (relating to Article 48(2)–(5) of TEU).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ See id. § 3(1) (relating to Article 48(6) of TEU).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ See id. § 4(1)(a)–(j) (relating to Articles 3, 4 and 6 of TFEU).Google Scholar

⁸¹ See id. § 4(1)(k)–(m) (relating to TEU provisions: Article 7(2) (serious and persistent breach determination by European Council); Article 14(2) (European Parliament composition); Article 15(4) (European Council consensus decisions); Article 17(5) (Commissioners); Article 19(2) (Judges and Advocates-General of the Court); Article 22(1) (EU strategic interests and objectives); Chapter 2 of Title V (CFS policy); Article 48(3), (4), (6) and (7) (treaty revision procedures); Article 49 (EU membership application); Article 50(3) (European Council decision extending treaties' application for withdrawing state)). TFEU provisions: Article 19(1) (measures against sexual, racial or ethnic, religious, age or sexual orientation discrimination); Article 21(3) (social security or social protection measures); Article 22(1) (non-national EU citizens standing and voting in state of residence local elections); Article 22(2) (same persons standing and voting in European Parliament elections in state of residence); Article 25 (strengthening EU citizens' rights); Article 77(3) (passports, identity cards, residence permits etc.); Article 82(2)(d) (minimum rules on criminal procedure); Article 83(1) (decision on other areas of crime); Article 86(1) and (4) (European Public Prosecutor's Office); Article 87(3) (police cooperation); Article 89 (cross-border operation by competent authorities); Article 113 (harmonization of indirect taxes); Article 115 (approximation of national laws affecting internal market); Article 121(2) (broad guidelines of economic policies); Article 126(14) (replacing protocol on excessive deficit procedure); Article 127(6) (conferral on European Central Bank prudential supervision tasks); Article 153(2)(b) (working conditions, social security etc.); Article 155(2) (agreements at EU level between management and labor); Article 192(2) (adoption of certain environmental measures); Article 194(3) (energy measures of a fiscal nature); Article 203 (association of countries and territories with the EU); Article 218(8) (certain international agreements); Art. 222(3) (implementation of solidarity clause having defense implications); Article 223(1) (uniform procedures for elections to European Parliament); Article 311 (own resources decisions); Article 312(2) (multi-annual financial framework); Article 332 (expenditure on enhanced cooperation to be borne by member states other than those participating); Article 333(1) and (2) (enhanced cooperation); Article 346(2) (changes to list of military products exempt from internal market provisions); Article 352(1) (measures to attain EU objectives where treaties do not provide necessary powers).Google Scholar

⁸² See generally The EU Act § 6(5).Google Scholar

⁸³ See TEU art. 7(2).Google Scholar

⁸⁴ See id. art. 7(3).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ See TFEU art. 353.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See id. art. 354.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ See The EU Act § 6(5)(b), sch. 1.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ See ESM Treaty Temporary Injunctions, Case No. 2BvR 1390/12 (Sept. 12, 2012); see also ESM Treaty Decision, Case No. 2BvR 1390/12 (Mar. 18, 2014), at paras. 124–28.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ In Germany only prior legislative approval is necessary for participation in decisions under Article 48(7) TEU and Article 352 TFEU; see Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvE 2/08, para. 409 (June 30, 2009), https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208en.html. Contrast with the Czech Republic, which does not require prior parliamentary approval for use of Article 352 TFEU or Article 48(7) TEU; Ústavní soud České republiky dne 26.11.2008 (ÚS) [Constitutional Court] [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Nov. 26, 2008], sp.zn PI. ÚS 19/08, paras. 150, 165 (Czech).Google Scholar

⁹⁰ The UK government reneged on an election promise to hold a referendum on the proposed 2004 Constitution Treaty. This was unsuccessfully challenged in R (Wheeler) v. Office of the Prime Minister [2008] EWHC 1409 (Admin). On 16 July 2008, the UK ratified the watered down version of a constitution under the Lisbon Treaty without holding a referendum.Google Scholar

⁹¹ UK turnout at the June 2009 European Parliamentary elections was thirty-four-point-five percent compared to forty-three percent across the EU as a whole. Historically, UK turnouts tend to be lower than the EU average as well as being lower than other types of election in the UK. See The European Parliamentary and Local Government Elections June 2009: Report on the Administration of the 4 June 2009 Elections (The Electoral Commission: October 2009), 24-26, http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/81483/047-elections-report-final-web.pdf.Google Scholar

⁹² For example, see concerns about rules governing referendum campaigns in Ireland, Mendez & Mendez, supra note 31, at 227.Google Scholar

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⁹⁴ See S. and Marper v. United Kingdom, App. No. 30562/04 and 30566/04 (Apr. 12, 2008), http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/; see also Joined Cases C-465/00, C-138/01, and C-139/01, Rechnungshof v. Österreichischer Rundfunk and Others and Christa Neukomm and Joseph Lauermann v. Österreichischer Rundfunk, 2003 E.C.R. I-5014.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ See TEU art. 12; see also TFEU art. 197(1)–(2); see also TEU protocol no. 1; Regulation 1049/2001 (public access to EU institutions' documents): Recital 15, Arts. 2(1), 14(2); Art. 29 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ See TFEU arts. 18, 21, 28, 30, 34, 35, 49, 56, 110.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ See direct effect in Case 26/62, Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, 1963 E.C.R.; incidental direct effect in C-194/94, CIA Security International, 1996 E.C.R. I-2201; indirect effect in Case 14/83 Von Colson and Kamann, 1984 E.C.R. 1891; and state liability in Case C-6 & 9/90, Francovich v. Italy, 1991 E.C.R. I-5357.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ See Dougan, Michael, The Constitutional Dimension to the Case of Union Citizenship, 31 Eur. L. Rev. 613 (2006); see also Neil MacCormick, Democracy, Subsidiarity and Citizenship in the European Commonwealth, 16 L. & Phil. 331 (1997). For a contrasting view that citizenship has had “integrative” rather than “constitutive” effects see Jo Shaw, Citizenship: Contrasting Dynamics at the Interface of Integration and Constitutionalism, in The Evolution of EU Law 608–09 (Paul Craig & Grainne De Burca eds., 2011).Google Scholar

⁹⁹ See TEU art. 9; see id. Preamble; see also TFEU art. 20(1).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ See id. art. 45(1) (freedom of movement for workers); see also Title II TFEU (free movement of goods); see also TFEU art. 63(1) (movement of capital); see also TFEU art. 56 (freedom to provide services).Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ See TFEU art. 20(1).Google Scholar

¹⁰² See Case C-369/90, 1992 E.C.R. I-4239; see also Case C-135/08, Rottman v. Bayern, 2010 E.C.R. I-1449.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁴ See The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union arts. 39–46, Oct. 26, 2012, 2012 O.J. (C 326) [hereinafter The Charter].Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ See TEU arts. 1, 3(2), (5).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ See id. art. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ See id. art. 3(2).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ See id. art. 3(5).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ See id. Preamble, Arts. 1, 3(2); see also TFEU arts. 20(1), 20(2)–24; see also The Charter Preamble.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ See TEU Preamble arts. 2, 9–12.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ See TEU art. 10(1).Google Scholar

¹¹² See id. arts. 9–12.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Bogdandy, Armin Von, The European Lesson for International Democracy: The Significance of Articles 9–12 EU Treaty for International Organisations, 23 Eur. J. Int'l L. 315, 322 (1998).Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ See TEU art. 10(2).Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ See id. arts. 14(2)–14(3).Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ See id. art. 10(2).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ See id. art. 12.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ See id. art. 10(3).Google Scholar

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¹²⁰ See id. art. 11(1).Google Scholar

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¹²² This is a government initiative and is not provided for under statute. Ten thousand signatures get a response from the government. One hundred thousand signatures mean the petition will be considered for debate in Parliament. See Petition Parliament and the Government, GOV.UK (July 20, 2015), https://www.gov.uk/petition-government.Google Scholar

¹²³ Commission Regulation No. 211/2011, 2011 O.J. (L 65), recitals 5–6, arts. 3(4), 7(2) (voting requirements); 3(2), 4, 5, 8, 9 (organizers' duties); 8 (certification duties of member states); 10–11 (Commission's duties).Google Scholar

¹²⁴ See the expert group's report of Dec. 2, 2014, Meeting of the Expert Group on the Citizens' Initiative, available at http://ec.europa.eu/citizens-initiative/public/legislative-framework.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ See European Commission, Under Article 25 TFEU: On Progress Towards Effective EU Citizenship 2011–2013, at 7–8, COM (2013) 270 final (May 8, 2013) [hereinafter 2013 Article 25 Report].Google Scholar

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¹²⁷ Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 12 December 2006 on Services in the Internal Market, 2006 O.J. (L 376), art. 17(1)(d).Google Scholar

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¹²⁹ Id. at 17–19. The Commission concluded legislative amendments were not necessary because: (1) The 2012 Financial Regulation complies with EU primary legislation protecting human dignity, the right to life, and the right to the integrity of the person; (2) the 2013 Horizon 2020 Regulation provisions on human embryonic stem cell research comply with the EU Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union; and (3) the existing legal framework for development cooperation enables managing development funding in a way that helps minimize abortions in developing countries, and a funding ban would undermine other objectives, such as maternal health. See id. Google Scholar

¹³⁰ C-280/11P, Council v. Access Info Europe (Oct. 17, 2013), http://curia.europa.eu; Case C-350/12P, Council v. in 't Veld (July 3, 2013), http://curia.europa.eu.Google Scholar

¹³¹ See TEU art. 10(4).Google Scholar

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¹³⁴ Id. at 24–25.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ See TEU art. 10(3).Google Scholar

¹³⁶ See id. art. 11(2).Google Scholar

¹³⁷ See id. art. 11(3).Google Scholar

¹³⁸ See id. art. 16(8).Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Case T-85/94, Eugénio Branco v. Comm'n, 1995 E.C.R. II-45.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ The Charter art. 41.Google Scholar

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¹⁴⁵ See June 2013: Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Portugal, and Romania Are Called Upon to Comply with EU Rules on Oil Stocks, European Commission, available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/june-2013-belgium-cyprus-czech-republic-portugal-and-romania-are-called-upon-comply-eu-rules-oil (last visited Aug. 3, 2015); see also June Infringements Package: Main Decisions, European Commission 7 (June 20, 2013), http://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/MEMO-13-583_EN.pdf.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ See TFEU art. 258. The Commission will attempt to resolve matters informally. If the matters remain unresolved, the Commission will issue a letter of formal notice requesting a response from the member state.Google Scholar

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¹⁴⁸ Case C-439/99, Comm'n v. Italy, 2002 E.C.R. I-305, para. 17; Case C-362/90, Comm'n v. Italy, 1992 E.C.R. I-02353, para. 9.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ See TFEU art. 228; 2013 Article 25 Report, supra note 125, at 7.Google Scholar

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¹⁷¹ See Commission Regulation No. 211/2011, 2011 O.J. (L 65).Google Scholar

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¹⁸⁰ For a “holistic approach” to EU lawmaking and implementation involving active and responsible involvement by national institutions see Piqani, supra note 8, at 493. National court decisions have called for greater involvement of legislatures in scrutinizing EU legislation and as guardians of the balance of power between member states and the EU. See Ústavní soud České republiky ze dne 26.11.2008 (ÚS) [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Nov. 26, 2008], sp.zn. Pl. ÚS 19/08, para. 165 (Czech); Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2BvE 2/08, para. 409 (June 30, 2009), https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/entscheidungen/es20090630_2bve000208en.html.Google Scholar

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¹⁹⁵ See id. at 3–4, 10. For Commission criteria, see Commission Impact Assessment Guidelines, SEC (2009) 92 (Jan. 15, 2009).Google Scholar

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