Arango, C. P. & Wheeler, W. C.
2007. Phylogeny of the sea spiders (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) based on direct optimization of six loci and morphology. Cladistics
23, 255–93.
Arnaud, F. & Bamber, R. N.
1987. The biology of Pycnogonida. Advances in Marine Biology
24, 1–94.
Bain, B. A.
2003
a. Larval types and a summary of postembryonic development within the pycnogonids. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development
43, 193–222.
Bain, B. A.
2003
b. Postembryonic development in the pycnogonid Austropallene cornigera (Family Callipallenidae). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development
43, 181–92.
Bamber, R. N.
2007. A holistic re-interpretation of the phylogeny of the Pycnogonida Latreille 1810 (Arthropoda). Zootaxa
1668, 295–312.
Bartels, C., Briggs, D. E. G. & Brassel, G.
1998. The Fossils of the Hunsrück Slate: Marine Life in the Devonian. Cambridge University Press, 309 pp.
Bartels, C. & Poschmann, M.
2002. Linguloid brachiopods with preserved pedicles: occurrence and taphonomy (Hunsrück Slate, Lower Emsian, Kaub Formation, Rhenish Massif, SW Germany). Metalla (Bochum)
9, 123–30.
Bartels, C., Poschmann, M., Schindler, T. & Wuttke, M. (with contributions by H.-G. Mittmeyer) 2002. Palaeontology and palaeoecology of the Kaub Formation (Lower Emsian, Lower Devonian) at Bundenbach (Hunsrück, SW Germany). Metalla (Bochum)
9, 105–22.
Bergström, J., Stürmer, W. & Winter, G.
1980.
Palaeoisopus, Palaeopantopus and Palaeothea, pycnogonid arthropods from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, West Germany. Paläontologische Zeitschrift
54, 7–54.
Bogomolova, E. V.
2007. Larvae of three species of sea spiders of the genus Nymphon (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the White Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology
33, 182–96.
Bogomolova, E. V. & Malakhov, V. V.
2004. Fine morphology of larvae of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the White Sea. Zoologija Bespozvonočnych
1, 3–28. [in Russian with English abstract]
Böhm, R.
1879. Über zwei neue, von Herrn Dr. Hilgendorf in Japan gesammelte Pycnogoniden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin
1879, 53–60.
Brenneis, G., Arango, C. P. & Scholtz, G.
2011. Morphogenesis of Pseudopallene sp. (Pycnogonida, Callipallenidae) II: postembryonic development. Development Genes and Evolution
221, 329–50.
Briggs, D. E. G., Raiswell, R., Bottrell, S. H., Hatfield, D. & Bartels, C.
1996. Controls on the pyritization of exceptionally preserved fossils: an analysis of the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate of Germany. American Journal of Science
296, 633–63.
Broili, F.
1928. Crustaceenfunde aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung
1928, 197–204, 2 pls.
Broili, F.
1929. Beobachtungen an neuen Arthropodenfunden aus den Hunsrückschiefern. Ein Pantopode aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung
1929, 272–80, 5 pls.
Broili, F.
1933. Weitere Beobachtungen an Palaeoisopus
. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung
1933, 33–47, 5 pls.
Cano, E. & López-González, P. J.
2009. Novel mode of postembryonic development in Ammothea genus (Pycnogonida: Ammotheidae) from Antarctic waters. Scientia Marina
73, 541–50.
Cano Sánchez, E. & López-González, P. J.
2010. Postembryonic development of Nymphon unguiculatum Hodgson 1915 (Pycnogonida, Nymphonidae) from the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). Polar Biology
33, 1205–14.
Carpenter, G. H.
1908. Pycnogonida. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London
12, 95–101.
Charbonnier, S.
2009. Le Lagerstätte de la Voulte: Paleoécosystême Bathyal. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle
199, 174–94.
Charbonnier, S., Vannier, J. & Riou, B.
2007. New sea spiders from the Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte. Proceedings of the Royal Society B
274, 2555–61.
Cole, L. J.
1904. Pycnogonida of the West Coast of North America. Harriman Alaska Expedition
10, 249–98, 16 pls.
De Baets, K., Klug, C., Korn, D., Bartels, C. & Poschmann, M. In press. Early Emsian Ammonoidea and the age of the Hunsrück Slate (Rhenish Mountains, Western Germany). Palaeontographica, Abt. A.
Dittmar, U.
1996. Profilbilanzierung und Verformungsanalyse im südwestlichen Rheinischen Schiefergebirge. Zur Konfiguration, Deformation und Entwicklungsgeschichte eines passiven variskischen Kontinentalrandes. Beringeria. Würzburger Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen
17, 1–346.
Dunlop, J. A. & Arango, C. P.
2005. Pycnogonid affinities: a review. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
43, 8–21.
Edgecombe, G. D.
2010. Arthropod phylogeny: an overview from the perspectives of morphology, molecular data and the fossil record. Arthropod Structure and Development
39, 74–87.
Follmann, O.
1887. Unterdevonische Crinoiden. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereins der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens
44, 113–38, 2 pls.
Hedgpeth, J. W.
1955. Pycnogonida. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part P, Arthropoda 2 (ed. Moore, R. C.), pp. 163–70. Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
Helfer, H. & Schlottke, E.
1935. Pantopoda. Dr. H. G. Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs
5, 1–314.
Kühl, G., Bartels, C., Briggs, D. E. G. & Rust, J.
2011. Fossilien im Hunsrück-Schiefer. Einzigartige Fossilien aus einer einzigartigen Region. Edition Goldschneck, Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag. 120 pp.
Latreille, P. A.
1810. Considérations générales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des crustacés, des arachnides et des insectes. Paris, 1810. (107, 115)
Mittmeyer, H.-G.
1980. Zur Geologie des Hunsrücks-chiefers. In Versteinertes Leben im Röntgenlicht (eds Stürmer, W., Schaarschmidt, F. and Mittmeyer, G.), pp. 26–33. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe no. 11.
Möbius, K.
1902. Die Pantopoden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898–1899. In Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer „Valdivia” 1898–1899 (ed. Chun, C.), pp. 175–96. Jena, vol. 3.
Nakamura, K.
1981. Post embryonic development of a pycnogonid, Propallene longiceps
. Journal of Natural History
15, 49–62.
Orr, P. J., Siveter, D. J., Briggs, D. E., Siveter, D. J. & Sutton, M. D.
2000. A new arthropod from the Silurian Konservat-Lagerstätte of Herefordshire, UK. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences
267, 1497–504.
Poschmann, M. & Dunlop, J. A.
2006. A new sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) with a flagelliform telson from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Palaeontology
49, 983–9.
Rudkin, D., Cuggy, M., Young, G. & Thompson, D.
2009. Thick knees, all legs, and fossil ‘no-bodies’ – a new pycnogonid (‘sea-spider’) from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoba. Canadian Paleontology Conference Proceedings
7, 17–18.
Schindler, T., Sutcliffe, O. E., Bartels, C., Poschmann, M. & Wuttke, M.
2002. Lithostratigraphical subdivision and chronostratigraphical position of the middle Kaub Formation (Lower Emsian, Lower Devonian) of the Bundenbach area (Hunsrück, SW Germany). Metalla (Bochum)
9, 73–104.
Siveter, D. J., Sutton, M. D., Briggs, D. E. G. & Siveter, D. J.
2004. A Silurian sea spider. Nature
431, 978–80.
Sloan, N. A.
1979. A pycnogonid-ophiuroid association. Marine Biology
52, 171–6.
Sutcliffe, O. E., Briggs, D. E. G. & Bartels, C.
1999. Ichnological evidence for the environmental setting of the Fossil-Lagerstätten in the Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Geology
27, 275–8.
Sutcliffe, O. E., Tibbs, S. L. & Briggs, D. E. G.
2002. Sedimentology and environmental interpretation of fine-grained turbidites in the Kaub Formation of the Hunsrück Slate: analysis of a section excavated for Project Nahecaris. Metalla (Bochum)
9, 89–104.
Sutton, M. D., Briggs, D. E. G., Siveter, D. J., Siveter, D. J. & Orr, P. J.
2002. The arthropod Offacolus kingi (Chelicerata) from the Silurian of Herefordshire, England: computer based morphological reconstructions and phylogenetic affinities. Proceedings of the Royal Society B
269, 1195–203.
Vilpoux, K. & Waloszek, D.
2003. Larval development and morphogenesis of the sea spider Pycnogonum litorale (Ström, 1762) and the tagmosis of the body of Pantopoda. Arthropod Structure & Development
32, 349–83.
Waloszek, D. & Dunlop, J. A.
2002. A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian ‘Orsten’ of Sweden, and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids. Palaeontology
45, 421–6.
Wilson, E. B.
1878. A synopsis of the Pycnogonida of New England. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences
5, 1–26, pls. 1–7.