Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T18:37:25.173Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Miocene to sub-Recent magmatism at the intersection between the Dead Sea Transform and the Ash Shaam volcanic field: evidence from the Yarmouk River gorge and vicinity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2021

Amit Segev Open the ORCID record for Amit Segev [Opens in a new window] ,
Itay J. Reznik  and
Uri Schattner Open the ORCID record for Uri Schattner [Opens in a new window]
Amit Segev*
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yeshayahu Leibowitz St, Jerusalem 9692100, Israel
Itay J. Reznik
Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Israel, 32 Yeshayahu Leibowitz St, Jerusalem 9692100, Israel
Uri Schattner
Affiliation:
Dr Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
*
Author for correspondence: Amit Segev, Email: amit.segev@gsi.gov.il
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Yarmouk River gorge extends along the Israel–Jordan–Syria border junction. It marks the southern bound of the Irbid–Azraq rift and Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic field at their intersection with the younger Dead Sea Transform plate boundary. During the last ∼13 Ma, the gorge has repeatedly accumulated basaltic units, chronologically named the Lower, Cover, Yarmouk and Raqqad Basalt formations. We examined their origin and distribution through aerial photos, and geological and geophysical evidence. Our results define a southern Golan magmatic province, which includes exposed Miocene (∼13 Ma) basalts, gabbro–diabase intrusions below the gorge and the adjacent Dead Sea Transform valley, and numerous Pliocene–Pleistocene volcanic sources along the gorge. Cover Basalt (∼5.0–4.3 Ma) eruptions formed two adjacent 0–100 m thick plateaus on the transform shoulder before flowing downslope to fill the topographically lower Dead Sea Transform valley with ∼700 m thick basalts. Later incision of the Yarmouk River and displacement along its associated fault divided the plateaus and formed the gorge. The younger Yarmouk (0.8–0.6 Ma) and Raqqad (0.2–0.1 Ma) basalts erupted in the upper part of the gorge from volcanos reported here, and flowed downstream toward the Dead Sea Transform valley. Consequently, eruptions from six phreatic volcanic vents altered the Yarmouk River morphology from sinuous to meandering. Our results associate the ∼13 Ma long southern Golan volcanism with the proposed SW-trending extensional Yarmouk Fault, located east of the Dead Sea Transform. Hence, the Yarmouk volcanism is associated with the ongoing Harrat Ash Shaam activity, which is not directly linked to the displacement along the Dead Sea Transform.

Keywords

intraplate volcanismcontinental transformDead Sea TransformHarrat Ash ShaamGolanGalileeYarmouk Rivervolcanismalkali basalt
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 159 , Issue 4 , April 2022 , pp. 469 - 493
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adiyaman, Ö, Chorowicz, J, Arnaud, ON, Gündogdu, MN and Gourgaud, A (2001) Late Cenozoic tectonics and volcanism along the North Anatolian Fault: new structural and geochemical data. Tectonophysics 338, 135–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alaniz-Álvarez, S, Nieto-Samaniego, A, Morán-Zenteno, D and Alba-Aldave, L (2002) Rhyolitic volcanism in extension zone associated with strike-slip tectonics in the Taxco region, southern Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 118, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldersons, F, Ben-Avraham, Z, Hofstetter, A, Kissling, E and Al-Yazjeen, T (2003) Lower-crustal strength under the Dead Sea basin from local earthquake data and rheological modeling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 214, 129–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arad, A and Bein, A (1986) Saline- versus freshwater contribution to the thermal waters of the northern Jordan Rift Valley, Israel. Journal of Hydrology 83, 49–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avni, Y, Segev, A and Ginat, H (2012) Oligocene regional denudation of the northern Afar dome: pre- and syn-breakup stages of the Afro-Arabian plate. Geological Society of America Bulletin 124, 1871–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aydin, A, Schultz, R and Campagna, D (1990) Fault-normal dilation in pull-apart basins: implications for the relationship between strike-slip faults and volcanic activity. Annales Tectonicae 4, 45–52.Google Scholar
Baijjali, W, Clark, ID and Fritz, P (1997) The artesian thermal groundwaters of northern Jordan: insights into their recharge history and age. Journal of Hydrology 192, 355–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, JA, Thirlwall, MF and Menzies, MA (1996) Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic and trace element evidence for crustal contamination of plume-derived flood basalts: Oligocene flood volcanism in western Yemen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 2559–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayer, HJ, Hoetzl, H, Jado, AR, Rocher, B and Voggenreiter, W (1988) Sedimentary and structural evolution of the northwest Arabian Red Sea margin. Tectonophysics 153, 137–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begin, ZB (1974) The Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000, Jericho Sheet (9-III). Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Bellahsen, N, Faccenna, C, Funiciello, F, Daniel, J and Jolivet, L (2003) Why did Arabia separate from Africa? Insights from 3-D laboratory experiments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 216, 365–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Asher, M, Haviv, I, Roering, JJ and Crouvi, O (2017) The influence of climate and microclimate (aspect) on soil creep efficiency: cinder cone morphology and evolution along the eastern Mediterranean Golan Heights. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 42, 2649–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Avraham, Z (2014) Geophysical studies of the crustal structure along the Southern Dead Sea Fault. In Dead Sea Transform Fault System: Reviews (eds Garfunkel, Z, Ben-Avraham, Z and Kagan, E), pp. 1–27. Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar
Ben-Avraham, Z, Haenel, R and Villinger, H (1978) Heat flow through the Dead Sea rift. Marine Geology 28, 253–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Gai, Y and Kashai, E (2004) Architecture of Dead Sea Transform basins in northern Israel and its bearing on the tectonic evolution. In Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, Abstracts, p. 14.Google Scholar
Blanckenhorn, M (1914) Syrien Arabien und Mesopotamien. Handbuch der Regionalen Geologie, Heidelberg 5, 1–159.Google Scholar
Bosworth, W, Huchon, P and McClay, K (2005) The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences 43, 334–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, D (1992) The geology of the Afiqim area. M.Sc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. Published thesis (in Hebrew, English abstract).Google Scholar
Brown, RD Jr (1990) Quaternary deformation. In The San Andreas Fault System, California (ed. Wallace, RE), pp. 83–113. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515.Google Scholar
Camp, VE, Hooper, PR, Roobol, MJ and White, DL (1987) The Madinah eruption, Saudi Arabia: magma mixing and simultaneous extrusion of three basaltic chemical types. Bulletin of Volcanology 49, 489–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carslaw, H and Jaeger, J (1959) Conduction of Heat in Solids. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Davies, JH and Davies, DR (2010) Earth’s surface heat flux. Solid Earth 1, 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, M, Matmon, A, Fink, D, Ron, H and Niedermann, S (2011) Dating Pliocene lacustrine sediments in the central Jordan Valley, Israel – implications for cosmogenic burial dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 305, 317–27. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dembo, N, Hamiel, Y and Granot, R (2015) Intraplate rotational deformation induced by faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120, 7308–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckstein, Y and Simmons, G (1977) Measurement and interpretation of terrestrial heat flow in Israel. Geothermics 6, 117–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyal, M, Eyal, Y, Bartov, Y and Steinitz, G (1981) The tectonic development of the western margin of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba) Rift. Tectonophysics 80, 39–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faccenna, C, Becker, TW, Jolivet, L and Keskin, M (2013) Mantle convection in the Middle East: reconciling Afar upwelling, Arabia indentation and Aegean trench rollback. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 375, 254–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, R (1965) A model of the structural development of Israel and adjacent areas since Upper Cretaceous times. Geological Magazine 102, 189–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freund, R, Garfunkel, Z, Zak, I, Goldberg, M, Weissbrod, T, Derin, B, Bender, F, Wellings, FE and Girdler, RW (1970) The shear along the Dead Sea rift. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 267, 107–30.Google Scholar
Garfunkel, Z (1981) Internal structure of the Dead Sea leaky transform (rift) in relation to plate kinematics. Tectonophysics 80, 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfunkel, Z (1998) Constrains on the origin and history of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. Tectonophysics 298, 5–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garfunkel, Z, Zak, I and Freund, R (1981) Active faulting in the Dead Sea Rift. Tectonophysics 80, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gettings, ME and Showail, A (1982) Heat-Flow Measurements at Shot Points along the 1978 Saudi Arabia Seismic Deep-Refraction Line; Part I, Results of the Measurements. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-793, 102 pp.Google Scholar
Giannérini, G, Campredon, R, Feraud, G and Zakhem, BA (1988) Intraplate deformation and associated volcanism at the northwestern part of the Arabian Plate. Bulletin de la Société geologique de France 4, 6937–47 (in French).Google Scholar
Ginzburg, A (1960) Geophysical Studies in the Central and Northern Coastal Plain and the Western Emeq. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Gomez, F, Karam, G, Khawlie, M, McClusky, S, Vernant, P, Reilinger, R, Jaafar, R, Tabet, C, Khair, K and Barazangi, M (2007) Global Positioning System measurements of strain accumulation and slip transfer through the restraining bend along the Dead Sea fault system in Lebanon. Geophysical Journal International 168, 1021–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez, F, Khawlie, M, Tabet, C, Darkal, AN, Khair, K and Barazangi, M (2006) Late Cenozoic uplift along the northern Dead Sea Transform in Lebanon and Syria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 241, 913–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goretzki, N, Inbar, N, Kühn, M, Möller, P, Rosenthal, E, Schneider, M, Siebert, C, Raggad, M and Magri, F (2016) Inverse problem to constrain hydraulic and thermal parameters inducing anomalous heat flow in the Lower Yarmouk Gorge. Energy Procedia 97, 419–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gvirtzman, H, Garven, G and Gvirtzman, G (1997) Thermal anomalies associated with forced and free ground-water convection in the Dead Sea rift valley. Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, 1167–76.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, JK (1993) The GSI digital terrain model (DTM) project completed. Geological Survey of Israel, Current Research 8, 47–50.Google Scholar
Hall, JK and Cleave, RL (1986) The DTM (digital terrain map) project. Geological Survey of Israel, Current Research 6, 79–84.Google Scholar
Heimann, A (1990) The Development of the Dead Sea Rift and its Margins in Northern Israel during the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/28/90, 83 pp. (in Hebrew with English summary).Google Scholar
Heimann, A and Braun, D (2000) Quaternary stratigraphy of the Kinnarot Basin, Dead Sea Transform, northeastern Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 49, 31–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimann, A, Steinitz, G, Mor, D and Shaliv, G (1996) The cover Basalt formation, its age, and its regional and tectonic setting: implication from K–Ar and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Israel Journal of Earth Science 45, 55–71.Google Scholar
Horowitz, A (1974) The late Cenozoic stratigraphy and paleogeography of Israel. Ph.D. thesis, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S, Garfunkel, Z, Ben-Gai, Y, Reznikov, M, Rotstein, Y and Gvirtzman, H (2002) The tectonic framework of a complex pull-apart basin: seismic reflection observations in the Sea of Galilee, Dead Sea transform. Tectonophysics 359, 289–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilani, S, Harlavan, Y, Tarawneh, K, Rabba, I, Weinberger, R, Ibrahim, K, Peltz, S and Steinitz, G (2001) New K–Ar ages of basalts from the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic field in Jordan: implications for the span and duration of the upper-mantle upwelling beneath the western Arabian plate. Geology 29, 171–4.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inbar, N (2012) The evaporitic subsurface body of Kinnarot Basin: stratigraphy, structure, geohydrology. Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Inbar, M and Gilichinsky, M (2009) New 40Ar–39Ar dates from lava flows and cinder cones in the Golan Heights—some geomorphic implications. In Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, Kfar Blum, Israel, Abstracts (eds Sagy, A, Bookman, S, Hamiel, Y, Mushkin, A, Nahmias, Y, Medvedev, B and Heimann, A), p. 68.Google Scholar
Jaupart, C and Mareschal, JC (2010) Heat Generation and Transport in the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joffe, S and Garfunkel, Z (1987) Plate kinematics of the Circum Red Sea – a re-evaluation. Tectonophysics 141, 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashai, E and Croker, PF (1987) Structural geometry and evolution of the Dead Sea-Jordan rift system as deduced from new subsurface data. Tectonophysics 141, 33–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, A, Yechieli, Y and Gardosh, M (1992) Reevaluation of the lake-sediment chronology in the Dead Sea basin, Israel, based on new 230ThU dates. Quaternary Research 38, 292–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lartet, LMH and d’Albert, HPJ (1869) Essai sur la geologie de la Palestine et des contrees avoisinantes telles que L’egypt et l’Arabie: Premiere partie. Paris: E. Martinet.Google Scholar
Leloup, PH, Lacassin, R, Tapponnier, P, Schärer, U, Zhong, D, Liu, X, Zhang, L, Ji, S and Trinh, PT (1995) The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), tertiary transform boundary of Indochina. Tectonophysics 251, 3–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitte, D and Eckstein, Y (1978) Correlation between the silica concentration and the orifice temperature in the warm springs along the Jordan–Dead Sea Rift Valley. Geothermics 7, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyakhovsky, V, Segev, A, Schattner, U and Weinberger, R (2012) Deformation and seismicity associated with continental rift zones propagating toward continental margins. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 13, Q01012. doi: 10.1029/2011GC003927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marco, S (1996) Paleomagnetism and paleoseismology in the Late Pleistocene, Dead Sea Graben. Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Marco, S (2007) Temporal variation in the geometry of a strike-slip fault zone: examples from the Dead Sea Transform. Tectonophysics 445, 186–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, E and Slager, J (1983) Geological Evaluation of the Tel Qatzir Block. Oil Exploration Ltd, Report 78/83, 23 pp.Google Scholar
Marcus, E and Slager, J (1985) The sedimentary-magmatic sequence of the Zemah 1 Well (Jordan Dead Sea Rift, Israel) and its emplacement in time and place. Israel Journal of Earth Science 34, 1–10.Google Scholar
Martinez-Navarro, B, Belmaker, M and Bar-Yosef, O (2009) The large carnivores from ‘Ubeidiya (early Pleistocene, Israel): biochronological and biogeographical implications. Journal of Human Evolution 56, 514–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathieu, L, De Vries, BVW, Pilato, M and Troll, VR (2011) The interaction between volcanoes and strike-slip, transtensional and transpressional fault zones: analogue models and natural examples. Journal of Structural Geology 33, 898–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matmon, A, Wdowinski, S and Hall, JK (2003) Morphological and structural relations in the Galilee extensional domain, northern Israel. Tectonophysics 371, 223–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazor, E, Kaufman, A and Carmi, I (1973) Hamat Gader (Israel): geochemistry of a mixed thermal spring complex. Journal of Hydrology 18, 289–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meiler, M (2011) The deep geological structure of the Golan Heights and the evolution of the adjacent Dead Sea fault system. Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Meiler, M, Reshef, M and Shulman, H (2011) Seismic depth-domain stratigraphic classification of the Golan Heights, central Dead Sea Fault. Tectonophysics 510, 354–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michelson, H (1973) Yarmuk Basalt and Roqqad Basalt—two volcanic phases which flowed through pre-existing gorges. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 51–8.Google Scholar
Michelson, H (1979) The geology and paleogeography of the Golan Heights. Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Michelson, H (1981) Ein Said 1 Well – Summary of Activities. Water Planning for Israel Report 01/81/93, 14 pp.Google Scholar
Michelson, H (1982) Geological Survey of the Golan Heights (With Some Remarks on Exploration for Hydrocarbons). TAHAL Report for Oil Exploration (Investments) Ltd, 34 pp.Google Scholar
Michelson, H, Flexer, A and Erez, Z (1987) A comparison of the eastern and western sides of the Sea of Galilee and its implication on the tectonics of the northern Jordan Rift Valley. Tectonophysics 141, 125–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michelson, H and Lipson-Benitah, S (1986) The litho- and biostratigraphy of the southern Golan Heights. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 35, 221–40.Google Scholar
Michelson, H and Mor, D (1985) Geological Map of Gamla, Preliminary Edition, Scale 1: 50,000. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Mittlefehldt, DW and Slager, Y (1986) Petrology of the basalts and gabbros from the Zemah-1 drill hole, Jordan Rift Valley. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 35, 10–22.Google Scholar
Moh’d, BK (2000) The Geology of Irbid and Ash Shuna Ash Shamaliyya (Waqqas): Map Sheets No. 3154-II and 3154-III. Amman: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Natural Resources Authority, Geology Directorate, Geological Mapping Division.Google Scholar
Mor, D (1986) The Volcanism of the Golan Heights. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/5/86, 159 pp. (in Hebrew with English abstract).Google Scholar
Mor, D (1989) Volcanic phenomenon in the southern Golan Heights. In Israel Geological Society, Annual Meeting, Guidebook, pp. 121–5 (in Hebrew).Google Scholar
Mor, D (1993) A time table for the Levant volcanic province, according to K–Ar dating in the Golan Heights, Israel. Journal of African Earth Science 16, 223–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mor, A (2012) Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000, Ramat Magshimim Sheet (4-II East). Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Mor, D and Sneh, A (1996) Complementary mapping of Plio-Pleistocene basalt units and landslides in the southern Golan and the Yarmouk Valley and its bearing on the geomorphological history of the area. Geological Survey of Israel, Current Research 10, 28–31.Google Scholar
Mor, D and Steinitz, G (1985) The History of the Yarmouk River based on K–Ar Dating and its Implication of the Development of the Jordan Rift. Geological Survey of Israel Report GS1/40/85, 18 pp.Google Scholar
Noetling, F (1886) Ueber die Lagerungsverhältnisse einer quartären Fauna im Gebiete des Jordanthals. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 38, 807–23.Google Scholar
Nuriel, P, Weinberger, R, Kylander-Clark, A, Hacker, B and Craddock, J (2017) The onset of the Dead Sea transform based on calcite age-strain analyses. Geology 45, 587–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palomo, AGA, Macıas, J and Espındola, J (2004) Strike-slip faults and K-alkaline volcanism at El Chichón volcano, southeastern Mexico. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 136, 247–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petts, GE (1986) Water quality characteristics of regulated rivers. Progress in Physical Geography 10, 492–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, L (1932) Zur Geologie des mittleren Jordantales (zwischen wādi el-ʿöschsche und Tiberiassee). Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (1878–1945) 55, 169–237.Google Scholar
Quennell, AM (1959) Tectonics of the Dead Sea rift. In Proceedings of the 20th International Geological Congress, Mexico, p. 403.Google Scholar
Ranalli, G (1995) Rheology of the Earth. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.Google Scholar
Ranalli, G and Rybach, L (2005) Heat flow, heat transfer and lithosphere rheology in geothermal areas: features and examples. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 148, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Razvalyaev, AV, Kazmin, VG and Galaktionov, AB (2005) Volcanism. In Geological Framework of the Levant, Vol. I: Cyprus and Syria (eds Krasheninnikov, VA, Hall, JK, Hirsch, F, Benjamini, CH and Flexer, A) pp. 417–62. Jerusalem: Historical Productions-Hall.Google Scholar
Regenauer-Lieb, K, Rosenbaum, G, Lyakhovsky, V, Liu, J, Weinberg, R, Segev, A and Weinstein, Y (2015) Melt instabilities in an intraplate lithosphere and implications for volcanism in the Harrat Ash-Shaam volcanic field (NW Arabia). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120, 1543–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reznik, IJ and Bartov, Y (2021) Present heat flow and paleo-geothermal anomalies in the Southern Golan Heights, Israel. Earth and Space Science 8, e2020EA001299. doi: 10.1029/2020EA001299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ron, H, Heimann, A and Garfunkel, Z (1992) Pliocene Paleomagnetic Pole of the Arabian Plate: Implication for the Levant Plate Kinematics. Institute of Petroleum Research and Geophysics Report 889/33/90, 27 pp.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, M, Ben-Avraham, Z and Schattner, U (2019) Almost a sharp cut–a case study of the cross point between a continental transform and a rift, based on 3D gravity modeling. Tectonophysics 761, 46–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, M, Segev, A, Rybakov, M, Lyakhovsky, V and Ben-Avraham, Z (2015) The Deep Structure and Density Distribution of Northern Israel and its Surroundings. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/12/2015, 33 pp.Google Scholar
Rotstein, Y, Bartov, Y and Frieslander, U (1992) Evidence for local shifting of the main fault and changes in the structural setting, Kinarot basin, Dead Sea transform. Geology 20, 251–4.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenbaum, AG, Sandler, A, Stein, M and Zilberman, E (2019) The sedimentary and environmental history of Tortonian-Messinian lakes at the east Mediterranean margins (northern Israel). Sedimentary Geology 383, 268–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenbaum, AG, Sandler, A, Zilberman, E, Stein, M, Jicha, BR and Singer, BS (2016) 40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of late Miocene−early Pliocene continental aquatic basins in SE Galilee, Israel. Geological Society of America Bulletin 128, 1383–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rybakov, M, Goldshmidt, V, Fleischer, L, Rotstein, Y and Goldberg, I (1995) Interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic Data from Israel and Adjacent Areas. Institute of Petroleum Research and Geophysics Report R04/486 94.Google Scholar
Rybakov, M, Lyakhovsky, V and Segev, A (2010) Detailed Gravity Study in the Lower Galilee. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/29/2010, 29 pp.Google Scholar
Schattner, U, Ben-Avraham, Z, Lazar, M and Hüebscher, C (2006a) Tectonic isolation of the Levant basin offshore Galilee-Lebanon – effects of the Dead Sea fault plate boundary on the Levant continental margin, eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Structural Geology 28, 2049–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schattner, U, Ben-Avraham, Z, Reshef, M, Bar-Am, G and Lazar, M (2006b) Oligocene–Miocene formation of the Haifa basin: Qishon-Sirhan rifting coeval with the Red Sea-Suez rift system. Tectonophysics 419, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schattner, U, Segev, A, Mikhailov, V, Rybakov, M and Lyakhovsky, V (2019) Magnetic signature of the Kinneret–Kinarot tectonic basin along the Dead Sea Transform, Northern Israel. Pure and Applied Geophysics 176, 4383–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schattner, U and Weinberger, R (2008) A mid-Pleistocene deformation transition in the Hula basin, northern Israel: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Dead Sea Fault. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9, Q07009. doi: 10.1029/2007GC001937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling, JG, Kingsley, RH, Hanan, BB and McCully, BL (1992) Nd–Sr–Pb isotopic variations along the Gulf of Aden: evidence for Afar mantle plume-continental lithosphere interaction. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 10927–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulman, N (1962) The geology of the central Jordan Valley. Ph.D. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. Published thesis (in Hebrew with English abstract).Google Scholar
Segev, A (2000) Synchronous magmatic cycles during the fragmentation of Gondwana: radiometric ages from the Levant and other provinces. Tectonophysics 325, 257–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A (2002) Flood basalts, continental breakup and the dispersal of Gondwana: evidence for periodic migration of upwelling mantle flows (plumes). EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 2, 171–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A (2017) Zemah-1, a Unique Deep Oil Well on the Dead Sea Fault Zone, Northern Israel: A New Stratigraphic Amendment. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/21/2017, 26 pp.Google Scholar
Segev, A (2019) The Dead Sea Transform Western Margin Along the Kinneret-Kinarot Basin, Northern Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/21/2019, 32 pp.Google Scholar
Segev, A (2020) Geological Map of Kinneret-Kinarot Region. Geological Survey of Israel Report AS\MAP-1\2020. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30880.40968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A, Avni, Y, Shahar, J and Wald, R (2017) Late Oligocene and Miocene different seaways to the Red Sea–Gulf of Suez rift and the Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea basins. Earth-Science Reviews 171, 196–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A, Lyakhovsky, V and Weinberger, R (2014) Continental transform–rift interaction adjacent to a continental margin: the Levant case study. Earth-Science Reviews 139, 83–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A and Rybakov, M (2010) Effects of Cretaceous plume and convergence, and early Tertiary tectono-magmatic quiescence on the central and southern Levant continental margin. Journal of the Geological Society, London 167, 731–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segev, A and Rybakov, M (2011) History of faulting and magmatism in the Galilee (Israel) and across the Levant continental margin inferred from potential field data. Journal of Geodynamics 51, 264–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaanan, U, Porat, N, Navon, O, Weinberger, R, Calvert, A and Weinstein, Y (2011) OSL dating of a Pleistocene maar: Birket Ram, the Golan heights. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 201, 397–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalev, E, Lyakhovsky, V, Weinstein, Y and Ben-Avraham, Z (2013) The thermal structure of Israel and the Dead Sea fault. Tectonophysics 602, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaliv, G (1991) Stages in the Tectonic and Volcanic History of the Neogene Basin in the Lower Galilee and the Valleys. Geological Survey of Israel Report GSI/11/91, 94 pp.Google Scholar
Shamir, G (2006) The active structure of the Dead Sea Depression. In New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research (eds Enzel, Y, Agnon, A and Stein, M), pp. 15–32. Geological Society of America Special Papers no. 401.Google Scholar
Sharkov, E, Chernyshev, I, Devyatkin, E, Dodonov, A, Ivanenko, V, Karpenko, M, Lebedev, V, Novikov, V, Hanna, S and Khatib, K (1998) New data on the geochronology of upper Cenozoic plateau basalts from the northeastern periphery of the Red Sea Rift area (northern Syria). Transactions of the Russian Academy of Sciences–Earth Science Sections 358, 19–22.Google Scholar
Sharkov, E, Chernyshev, I, Devyatkin, E, Dodonov, A, Ivanenko, V, Karpenko, M, Leonov, YG, Novikov, V, Hanna, S and Khatib, K (1994) Geochronology of Late Cenozoic basalts in western Syria. Petrology 2, 385–94.Google Scholar
Shaw, JE, Baker, JA, Menzies, MA, Thirlwall, MF and Ibrahim, KM (2003) Petrogenesis of the largest intraplate volcanic field on the Arabian Plate (Jordan): a mixed lithosphere-asthenosphere source activated by lithospheric extension. Journal of Petrology 44, 1657–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirav, M, Peltz, S, Baer, G, Aharon, L and Agnon, A (1995) The Umm Sabune section revisited. In Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, Zikhron Ya’Aqov, Abstracts (eds Arkin, Y and Avigad, D), p. 105.Google Scholar
Siedner, G and Horowitz, A (1974) Radiometric ages of late Cainozoic basalts from northern Israel: chronostratigraphic implications. Nature 250, 23–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sneh, A (1993) Stratigraphic position of marine Pliocene deposits in the Lower Galilee and the Yizre’el Valley. Geological Survey Israel, Current Research 8, 74–5.Google Scholar
Sneh, A (2017) Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000, Teverya Sheet (4-II) (compilation). Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Sneh, A, Bartov, Y and Rosensaft, M (1998) Geological Map of Israel 1:200,000, Sheet 1. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.Google Scholar
Starinsky, A, Katz, A and Levitte, D (1979) Temperature-composition-depth relationship in Rift Valley hot springs: Hammat Gader, northern Israel. Chemical Geology 27, 233–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckler, MS and Ten Brink, US (1986) Lithospheric strength variations as a control on new plate boundaries: examples from the northern Red Sea region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 120–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, M (2014) The evolution of Neogene-Quaternary water-bodies in the Dead Sea rift valley. In Dead Sea Transform Fault System: Reviews (eds Garfunkel, Z, Ben-Avraham, Z and Kagan, E), pp. 279–316. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, M, Garfunkel, Z and Jagoutz, E (1993) Chronothermometry of peridotitic and pyroxenitic xenoliths: implications for the thermal evolution of the Arabian lithosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 1325–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinitz, G and Lang, B (1984a) K–Ar results. Appendix 3. In Zemah 1, Geological Completion Report (eds Marcus, E, Slager, Y, Ben-Zaken, S and Indık, IY), pp. 47–54. Oil Exploration (Investments) Ltd, Report 84/11.Google Scholar
Steinitz, G and Lang, B (1984b) K–Ar systematics of the 2674 m gabbro from Zemah 1 well. In Israel Geological Society Annual Meeting, Arad, Abstracts, pp. 97–8.Google Scholar
Tatar, O, Yurtmen, S, Temiz, H, Guersoy, H, Kocbulut, F, Mesci, BL and Guezou, JC (2007) Intracontinental quaternary volcanism in the Niksar pull-apart basin, North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 417–40.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E (1975) The Early Pleistocene Molluscs of ‘Erk el-Ahmar. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 36 pp.Google Scholar
Tchernov, E (1987) The age of the Ubeidiya Formation, an early Pleistocene hominid site in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 36, 3–30.Google Scholar
Tibaldi, A, Pasquarè, F and Tormey, D (2009) Volcanism in reverse and strike-slip fault settings. In New Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences (eds Cloetingh, S and Negendank, J), pp. 315–48. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trifonov, V, Dodonov, A, Sharkov, E, Golovin, D, Chernyshev, I, Lebedev, V, Ivanova, T, Bachmanov, D, Rukieh, M and Ammar, O (2011) New data on the Late Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in Syria, applied to its origin. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 199, 177–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, R, Segev, A, Ben-Avraham, Z and Schattner, U (2019) Structural expression of a fading rift front: a case study from the Oligo-Miocene Irbid rift of northwest Arabia. Solid Earth 10, 225–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, RE (1990) The San Andreas Fault System, California. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walley, CD (1998) Some outstanding issues in the geology of Lebanon and their importance in the tectonic evolution of the Levantine region. Tectonophysics 298, 37–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberger, R, Schattner, U, Medvedev, B, Frieslander, U, Sneh, A, Harlavan, Y and Gross, R (2011) Convergent strike-slip across the Dead Sea Fault in northern Israel, imaged by high-resolution seismic reflection data. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 58, 143–56.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Y (2000) Spatial and temporal geochemical variability in basin-related volcanism, northern Israel. Journal of African Earth Sciences 30, 865–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Y (2012) Transform faults as lithospheric boundaries, an example from the Dead Sea Transform. Journal of Geodynamics 54, 21–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Y and Garfunkel, Z (2014) The Dead Sea transform and the volcanism in northwestern Arabia. In Dead Sea Transform Fault System: Reviews (eds Garfunkel, Z, Ben-Avraham, Z and Kagan, E), pp. 91–108. Dordrecht: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Y, Navon, O, Altherr, R and Stein, M (2006) The role of lithospheric mantle heterogeneity in the generation of Plio-Pleistocene alkali basaltic suites from NW Harrat Ash Shaam (Israel). Journal of Petrology 47, 1017–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinstein, Y, Weinberger, R and Calvert, A (2013) High-resolution 40Ar/39Ar study of Mount Avital, northern Golan: reconstructing the interaction between volcanism and a drainage system and their impact on eruptive styles. Bulletin of Volcanology 75, 712. doi: 10.1007/s00445-013-0712-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, R and McKenzie, D (1989) Magmatism at rift zones: the generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 94, 7685–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zurieli, A (2002) Structure and neotectonics in Kinarot Valley based on high-resolution seismic reflection. M.Sc. thesis, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Segev et al. supplementary material

Segev et al. supplementary material

Download Segev et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 6.1 MB