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Molecular medicine of microRNAs: structure, function and implications for diabetes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2008

Erica Hennessy  and
Lorraine O'Driscoll
Erica Hennessy
Affiliation:
National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of endogenous small noncoding RNA molecules, of 19–28 nucleotides in length. In humans, up to 3% of all genes are estimated to encode these evolutionarily conserved sequences. miRNAs are thought to control expression of thousands of target mRNAs. Mammalian miRNAs generally negatively regulate gene expression by repressing translation, possibly through effects on mRNA stability and compartmentalisation, and/or the translation process itself. An extensive range of in silico and experimental techniques have been applied to our understanding of the occurrence and functional relevance of such sequences, and antisense technologies have been successfully used to control miRNA expression in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, miRNAs have been identified in both normal and pathological conditions, including differentiation and development, metabolism, proliferation, cell death, viral infection and cancer. Of specific relevance and excitement to the area of diabetes research, miRNA regulation has been implicated in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, diabetic heart conditions and nephropathy. Further analyses of miRNAs in vitro and in vivo will, undoubtedly, enable us determine their potential to be exploited as therapeutic targets in diabetes.

Type
Review Article
Information
Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine , Volume 10 , October 2008 , e24
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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References

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Further reading, resources and contacts

Websites of the Computational Biology Center of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA, provide a range of bioinformatic tools, including a searchable database for predicted miRNA targets and expression:

http://cbio.mskcc.orgGoogle Scholar
http://www.microrna.org/microrna/home.doGoogle Scholar
http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/sequences/Google Scholar
http://www.ambion.comGoogle Scholar