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Why so GLUMM? Detecting depression clusters through graphing lifestyle-environs using machine-learning methods (GLUMM)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2020

J.F. Dipnall ,
J.A. Pasco ,
M. Berk ,
L.J. Williams ,
S. Dodd ,
F.N. Jacka  and
D. Meyer
J.F. Dipnall*
Affiliation:
Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia Department of statistics, data science and epidemiology, Swinburne university of technology, Swinburne, Australia
J.A. Pasco
Affiliation:
Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia Melbourne clinical school-western campus, the university of Melbourne, Saint-Albans, VIC, Australia Department of epidemiology and preventive medicine, Monash university, Melbourne, VIC, Australia University hospital of Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia
M. Berk
Affiliation:
Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia University hospital of Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia Department of psychiatry, the university of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Florey institute of neuroscience and mental health, Parkville, VIC, Australia Orygen, the National centre of excellence in youth mental health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
L.J. Williams
Affiliation:
Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
S. Dodd
Affiliation:
Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia University hospital of Geelong, Geelong, VIC, Australia Department of psychiatry, the university of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
F.N. Jacka
Affiliation:
Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia Department of psychiatry, the university of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia Centre for adolescent health, Murdoch children's research institute, Melbourne, Australia Black Dog institute, Sydney, Australia
D. Meyer
Affiliation:
Department of statistics, data science and epidemiology, Swinburne university of technology, Swinburne, Australia
*
⁎Corresponding author. Impact strategic research centre, school of medicine, Deakin university, PO Box 281, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. E-mail address:jdipnall@deakin.edu.au (J.F. Dipnall).
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Abstract

Background

Key lifestyle-environ risk factors are operative for depression, but it is unclear how risk factors cluster. Machine-learning (ML) algorithms exist that learn, extract, identify and map underlying patterns to identify groupings of depressed individuals without constraints. The aim of this research was to use a large epidemiological study to identify and characterise depression clusters through “Graphing lifestyle-environs using machine-learning methods” (GLUMM).

Methods

Two ML algorithms were implemented: unsupervised Self-organised mapping (SOM) to create GLUMM clusters and a supervised boosted regression algorithm to describe clusters. Ninety-six “lifestyle-environ” variables were used from the National health and nutrition examination study (2009–2010). Multivariate logistic regression validated clusters and controlled for possible sociodemographic confounders.

Results

The SOM identified two GLUMM cluster solutions. These solutions contained one dominant depressed cluster (GLUMM5-1, GLUMM7-1). Equal proportions of members in each cluster rated as highly depressed (17%). Alcohol consumption and demographics validated clusters. Boosted regression identified GLUMM5-1 as more informative than GLUMM7-1. Members were more likely to: have problems sleeping; unhealthy eating; ≤ 2 years in their home; an old home; perceive themselves underweight; exposed to work fumes; experienced sex at ≤ 14 years; not perform moderate recreational activities. A positive relationship between GLUMM5-1 (OR: 7.50, P < 0.001) and GLUMM7-1 (OR: 7.88, P < 0.001) with depression was found, with significant interactions with those married/living with partner (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Using ML based GLUMM to form ordered depressive clusters from multitudinous lifestyle-environ variables enabled a deeper exploration of the heterogeneous data to uncover better understandings into relationships between the complex mental health factors.

Keywords

DepressionPsychiatryMachine learningBoosted regressionClusterLifestyle
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 39 , January 2017 , pp. 40 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2017

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Footnotes

1

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abbreviations: DIPIT, Data integration protocol in ten-steps, GLUMM, Graphing lifestyle-environs using machine-learning methods, GLUMM5-1, GLUMM solution 5 cluster 1, GLUMM5-2, GLUMM solution 5 cluster 2, GLUMM7-1, GLUMM solution 7 cluster 1, GLUMM7-3, GLUMM solution 7 cluster 3, GLUMM7-4, GLUMM solution 7 cluster 4, ML, Machine-learning, MART, Multiple additive regression trees, NCHS, National center for health statistics, NHANES, National health and nutrition examination survey, PHQ-9, Patient health questonnaire-9, SOMs, Self-organizing maps

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