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Interaction Between Parental Psychosis and Early Motor Development and the Risk of Schizophrenia in a General Population Birth Cohort

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2015

E. Keskinen ,
A. Marttila ,
R. Marttila ,
P.B. Jones ,
G.K. Murray ,
K. Moilanen ,
H. Koivumaa-Honkanen ,
P. Mäki ,
M. Isohanni  and
E. Jääskeläinen
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E. Keskinen*
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
A. Marttila
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
R. Marttila
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
P.B. Jones
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
G.K. Murray
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
K. Moilanen
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
H. Koivumaa-Honkanen
Affiliation:
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital (KUH), Kuopio, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
P. Mäki
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Länsi-Pohja Healthcare District, Finland Department of Psychiatry, the Middle Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kiuru, Finland Mental Health Services, Joint Municipal Authority of Wellbeing in Raahe District, Finland Mental Health Services, Basic Health Care District of Kallio, Finland Visala Hospital, the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Finland
M. Isohanni
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
E. Jääskeläinen
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
J. Miettunen
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Medical Research Center of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
*
*Corresponding author. Center for Life Course Epidemiology and Systems Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland. E-mail address: Emmi.Keskinen@oulu.fi (E. Keskinen).
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Abstract

Background

Delayed motor development in infancy and family history of psychosis are both associated with increased risk of schizophrenia, but their interaction is largely unstudied.

Aim

To investigate the association of the age of achieving motor milestones and parental psychosis and their interaction in respect to risk of schizophrenia.

Methods

We used data from the general population-based prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 10,283). Developmental information of the cohort members was gathered during regular visits to Finnish child welfare clinics. Several registers were used to determine the diagnosis of schizophrenia among the cohort members and psychosis among the parents. Altogether 152 (1.5%) individuals had schizophrenia by the age of 46 years, with 23 (15.1%) of them having a parent with psychosis. Cox regression analysis was used in analyses.

Results

Parental psychosis was associated (P < 0.05) with later achievement of holding the head up, grabbing an object, and walking without support. In the parental psychosis group, the risk for schizophrenia was increased if holding the head up (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.46; degrees of freedom [df] = 1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.07–5.66) and touching the thumb with the index finger (HR: 1.84; df = 1; 95% CI: 1.11–3.06) was later. In the group without parental psychosis, a delay in the following milestones increased the risk of schizophrenia: standing without support and walking without support. Parental psychosis had an interaction with delayed touching thumb with index finger (HR: 1.87; df = 1; 95% CI: 1.08–3.25) when risk of schizophrenia was investigated.

Conclusions

Parental psychosis was associated with achieving motor milestones later in infancy, particularly the milestones that appear early in a child's life. Parental psychosis and touching the thumb with the index finger had a significant interaction on risk of schizophrenia. Genetic risk for psychosis may interact with delayed development to raise future risk of schizophrenia, or delayed development may be a marker of other risk processes that interact with genetic liability to cause later schizophrenia.

Keywords

Parental psychosisSchizophreniaRisk factorMotor developmental milestoneBirth cohort
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 30 , Issue 6 , September 2015 , pp. 719 - 727
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2015

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