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Exploring depression in schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Carlo Maggini  and
Andrea Raballo
Carlo Maggini*
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, P.le Matteotti, 43100Parma, Italy
Andrea Raballo
Affiliation:
Psychiatry Section, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, P.le Matteotti, 43100Parma, Italy Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment Service, Department of Mental Health, Reggio-Emilia, Italy
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0521 20 6561; fax: +39 0521 23 0611. E-mail addresses: carlo.maggini@unipr.it (C. Maggini), andrea.raballo@libero.it (A. Raballo).
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Abstract

Background

A consistent amount of empirical research suggests that depression, besides interfering with quality of life and social functioning, may influence other symptom dimensions in schizophrenia, thus constituting an important domain for treatment strategies, outcome, and prognosis.

Aim. –

This study investigated the factorial structure of the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (CDSS) in a sample of schizophrenic patients and explored the relationships between such factors, major symptom dimensions and subjective experiences.

Methods

One hundred and sixty-one subjects were examined to assess the severity of schizophrenic symptoms (scored according to the five-dimensional model of Toomey et al. [28]), the distress due to the subjective experience of negative symptoms, and the degree of subjectively-felt cognitive-affective vulnerability (i.e. basic symptoms).

Results

Principal component analysis revealed CDSS to include three main factors, namely: “depression-hopelessness” (factor I), “guilty idea of reference-pathological guilt” (factor II) and “early wakening” (factor III).

Whereas the last factor did not correlate with any of the other psychopathological domains, the first two factors revealed multiple correlations with both diagnostic symptoms and subjective experiences.

Conclusions

The results confirm the threefold factorial structure of the CDSS previously reported by the authors of the scale and could shed further light on the psychopathological nature of the components of depression in schizophrenia. The specific correlation patterns with diagnostic and subjective psychopatholgy substantiate the clinical distinction between a general depression factor (“depression-hopelessness”) and a cognitive-guilt factor (“guilty idea of reference-pathological guilt”).

Keywords

DepressionBasic symptomsSubjective experience of negative symptomsSchizophrenia
Type
Original articles
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , June 2006 , pp. 227 - 232
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2006

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Footnotes

Abbreviations: BSABS, Bonn scale for the assessment of basic symptoms; CDSS, Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia; SANS, scale for the assessment of negative symptoms; SAPS, scale for the assessment of positive symptoms; SENS, subjective experience of negative symptoms.

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