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The Ethnic-Civic Dichotomy and the Explanation of National Self-Understanding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2012

Cyril Jayet*
Affiliation:
Centre Maurice Halbwachs, CNRS-ENS, Paris [cyril.jayet@ens.fr].
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Abstract

In his paper Ethnicity as Cognition (2006), Rogers Brubaker held that cognitive psychology can enrich the understanding of the practices of categorisation that underpins ethnicity, nationhood and race. I shall argue that the philosophical debate concerning the different types of explanation in social sciences – the explanations based on reasons and the explanations based on causal mechanisms – can throw some light on this issue. To analyse beliefs requires use of both approaches. It can be shown with the classical opposition between an ethnic and a civic conception of national belonging which derives from a reason-based approach. The causal mechanism approach underlying cognitive psychology can offer alternative models accounting for national self-understanding, notably the prototype model of categorisation. I confront empirically these two theories – the ethnic civic dichotomy and the prototype model – using the issp data from 2003 and evidence the advantages and shortcomings of each theory.

Résumé

Dans l’article Ethnicity as Cognition (2006), Rogers Brubaker soutient que la psychologie cognitive permettrait d’enrichir la compréhension des pratiques de catégorisation qui sous-tendent l’ethnicité et les représentations de l’appartenance à la nation ou à un groupe racial. Il s’agit ici de resituer cette question dans le débat philosophique sur les différents modes d’explication en sciences sociales, et notamment sur la distinction entre les explications par les raisons et les explications par les mécanismes causaux. Ainsi l’analyse des croyances nécessite le recours à ces deux approches, comme on entend le montrer à propos de l’opposition entre une conception ethnique de la nation et une conception civique. Cette distinction appartient à une approche par les raisons, qui est ici opposée à l’approche par les mécanismes causaux qui caractérise la psychologie cognitive. Cette dernière peut fournir des modèles alternatifs pour rendre compte des représentations de l’appartenance à la nation, notamment le modèle prototypique de la catégorisation. Ces deux théories sont confrontées – la dichotomie « ethnique-civique » et le modèle protoypique – sur le plan empirique au moyen de l’enquête issp de 2003 et met en évidence leurs apports comme leurs limites.

Zusammenfassung

In seinem Aufsatz Ethnicity as cognition (2006) vertritt Rogers Brubaker die Auffassung, dass der Rückgriff auf die kognitive Psychologie das Verständnis für die Kategorisierungspraktiken, die der Ethnizität und den Ausdrucksformen nationale oder rassischer Zugehörigkeit zugrunde liegen, bereichert. Die Fragestellung soll hier in die philosophische Debatte einbezogen werden, da sie sich mit den verschiedenen Erklärungsformen der Sozialwissenschaften auseinandersetzt, insbesondere mit der Differenzierung von Erklärungen basierend auf Vernunft und jenen basierend auf kausalen Mechanismen. Ich behaupte, dass Glaubenserklärungen den Rückgriff auf beide Ansätze benötigen und untermaure diesen Ansatz, indem ich den Beitrag jedes einzelnen für das Verständnis einer für die Soziologie des Nationalismus klassischen Frage hervorhebe: die Differenzierung zwischen einem ethnischen und einem staatsbürgerlichen Nationenkonzept.

Ich stelle desweiteren die Behauptung auf, dass letzteres dem Vernunftsansatz verpflichtet ist, während der kausale Mechanismusansatz der kognitiven Psychologie angehört. Jener kann Alternativbeispiele für die Darstellung nationaler Zugehörigkeit liefern, vor allen Dingen das protoypische Modell der Kategorisierung. Beide Theorien – die Dichotomie “ethnisch-gemeinschaftlich” und das protoypische Modell – werden anhand der Untersuchung ISSP 2003 empirisch verglichen und sowohl deren Beiträge als auch Grenzen hervorgehoben. Ziel ist es, die Beziehungen zwischen einer für die Sozialwissenschaften traditionnellen philosophische Frage und einem empirischen, sowohl von der quantitativen als auch qualitativen Literatur aufgeworfenem Problem zu untersuchen.

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2012

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