Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T18:49:20.549Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: The Laws of Climate Change in China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2014

Han Jiang*
Affiliation:
Adelaide Law School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
*
Address correspondence to: Han Jiang, 97 Wei Yi Road, Jinan City, Shandong, China, 250001; (phone) +86-176-866-11856; (e-mail) jianghan05@gmail.com.
Get access

Abstract

The adverse impacts of climate change have become some of the most serious threats faced by humankind. China, the largest greenhouse gas emitter, has a huge impact on global climate change and thus has an inescapable responsibility to take necessary steps to mitigate it. In response to the gradual but increasingly serious adverse impact of climate change, the Chinese government has promulgated many laws, regulations, and policies to refine the specific areas of mitigating climate change in accordance with its obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, which form the fundamental international legal framework for addressing these issues. Nevertheless, many gaps still exist in the legislation for climate change. Besides, weak implementation and enforceability of climate change laws are still big problems in China. Furthermore, the Chinese environmental nongovernmental organizations should be granted more powers in the field of mitigating climate change. Lastly, although China should take further responsibility for preventing global climate change, the objective of mitigating climate change will never be achieved without effective international cooperation in this field.

Environmental Practice 16: 205–229 (2014)

Type
Features
Copyright
© National Association of Environmental Professionals 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alpermann, B. 2010. State and Society in China’s Environmental Politics. In China’s Environmental Crisis: Domestic and Global Political Impacts and Responses, J.J. Kassiola and S. Guo, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 123152.Google Scholar
Bell, R.G. 2006. The Kyoto Placebo. Issues in Science and Technology 28:2831.Google Scholar
Bina, O. 2011. Responsibility for Emissions and Aspirations for Development. In China’s Responsibility for Climate Change: Ethics, Fairness and Environmental Policy, P.G. Harris, ed. Policy Press, Bristol, England, 4770.Google Scholar
Bossley, L., and Kerr, A. 2009. Climate Change & Emissions Trading: What Every Business Needs to Know, 3rd edition. Consilience Energy Advisory Group, London, 400 pp.Google Scholar
Brahic, C. 2008. 33% of China’s Carbon Footprint Blamed on Exports. ABC News, July 29. Available at http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5467388 (accessed July 2, 2012).Google Scholar
British Petroleum (BP), 2011. June. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2011. BP, London, 45 pp. Available at http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp-country/de_de/PDFs/brochures/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2011.pdf (accessed July 14, 2012).Google Scholar
Brown, D. 2010. An Ethical Analysis of the Cancun Climate Negotiations Outcome [Blog]. Ethics and Climate, December 24. Available at http://blogs.law.widener.edu/climate/2010/12/24/an _ethical_analysis_of_the_cancun _climate_negotiations_outcome/ (accessed July 15, 2012).Google Scholar
Brown, D. 2011. Going Deeper on What Happened in Durban: An Ethical Analysis of Durban Outcomes [Blog]. Ethics and Climate, December 25. Available at http://blogs.law.widener.edu/climate/2011/12/25/going_deeper_on_what_happened_in_durban_an_ethical_critique_of_durban_outcomes/ (accessed July 20, 2012).Google Scholar
Burrell, A. 2011. Forward Thinking Needed on China, Raby Warns. Australian, June 23, p. 2.Google Scholar
Carbon Emission Trade Net. 2012, May 10. Tianjin Carbon Trade [in Chinese]. Available at http://www.tanpaifang.com/tanjiaoyi/2012/0510/1950.html# (accessed July 5, 2012).Google Scholar
Chai, Q., and Zhang, X. 2012. Policies and Pathways for China’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions through 2020. In China’s Climate Change Policies, W. Wang, G. Zheng, J. Pan, Y. Luo, Y. Chen, and H. Chen, eds. Routledge, London, 3457.Google Scholar
Chang, J.-W. 2009. Theory and Practice on China’s Rule of Environmental Law in Recent Thirty Years. Journal of China University of Geosciences (Social Sciences Edition) 9(5):2835.Google Scholar
Chen, G. 2009. Politics of China’s Environmental Protection: Problems and Progress. World Scientific, Singapore, 172 pp.Google Scholar
Chen, G. 2012. China’s Climate Policy. Routledge, London, 144 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y. 2012. Performance Evaluation for Energy Conservation Targets in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. In China’s Climate Change Policies, W. Wang, G. Zheng, J. Pan, Y. Luo, Y. Chen, and H. Chen, eds. Routledge, London, 2427.Google Scholar
Cheng, L. 2001. Forest [in Chinese]. In China Environment and Development Review [in Chinese], Y. Zheng and S. Wang, eds. Social Sciences Documentation, Beijing, 141154.Google Scholar
China Certification and Accreditation Information Technology Network (CAIT). 2010, November 10. The National Development and Reform Commission Will Issue the Interim Measures for the Administration of Greenhouse Gas Voluntary Emissions Trading as Soon as Possible [in Chinese]. CAIT, Beijing. Available at http://www.cait.cn/shouye/qybs/jnhb/201010/t20101011_66982.shtml (accessed July 19, 2012).Google Scholar
China Economic Information Network. 2011, December 6. China Corner in Durban Conference Highlights “China’s Execution” [in Chinese]. Available at http://www.cec.org.cn/hongguanjingji/2011-12-06/75337.html (accessed July 12, 2012).Google Scholar
China Electricity Council. 2011a. China’s Carbon Dioxide Emissions Accounted for About 23% of the World’s Emissions [in Chinese]. China News Network, December 7. Available at http://www.cec.org.cn/xinwenpingxi/2011-12-07/75372.html (accessed July 12, 2012).Google Scholar
China Electricity Council. 2011b. China’s Renewable Energy Industry Changing the Global Industrial Pattern [in Chinese]. Southern Network, December 6. Available at http://www.cec.org.cn/xinwenpingxi/2011-12-06/75315.html (accessed July 10, 2012).Google Scholar
China Electricity Council. 2011c. China Will Become the Third Largest Nuclear Power Producer [in Chinese]. Sina Finance, December 6. Available at http://www.cec.org.cn/xinwenpingxi/2011-12-06/75297.html. Available at (accessed July 10, 2012).Google Scholar
China National Petroleum Company (CNPC). 2007. Tianjin Climate Exchange Unveiled. CNPC, Beijing. Available at http://archive.today/wMMQS (accessed July 14, 2012).Google Scholar
ChinaNews. 2011. Draft of PRC Nuclear Law May Enter into Legislative Process at the End of 2011 [in Chinese]. Beijing Times, April 25. Available at http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2011/04-25/2994134.shtml (accessed July 21, 2012).Google Scholar
Cooper, R.N. 2001. The Kyoto Protocol: A Flawed Concept. Environmental Law Reporter 31(11):1148411492. Available at http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/page.jsp?paperid=6634084&searchTerm=fccc+cp (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
De Vit, C., and Höhne, N. 2012, February. Why the Durban Outcome Is Not Sufficient for Staying below 2ºC. Ecofys Policy Update, no. 3. Available at http://www.ecofys.com/en/policy-update/why-the-durban-outcome-is-not-sufficient-for-staying-below-2c (accessed July 20, 2012).Google Scholar
Economy, E.C. 2004. The River Runs Black: Environmental Challenge to China’s Future. Cornell University Press, New York, 337 pp.Google Scholar
Edmonds, R.L. 1994. Patterns of China’s Lost Harmony: A Survey of the Country’s Environmental Degradation and Protection. Routledge, London, 334 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friends of Nature. 2011. Xiaonanhai, Elegy of the Natural Reserve in the New Round of River Development [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 95106.Google Scholar
Friends of Nature, Greenpeace, and Other Chinese Environmental NGOs. 2011. Position Paper Published for UNFCCC Cancun Meeting from China Civil Society [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 303305.Google Scholar
Gallagher, K. 2010. The Challenge for Environment, Development, and Sustainability in China. In Environment, Development and Sustainability: Perspectives and Cases from Around the World, G. Wilson, P. Furniss, and R. Kimbowa, eds. Oxford University Press, New York, 1323.Google Scholar
Gregg, J.S., Andres, R.J., and Marland, G. 2008. China: Emissions Pattern of the World Leader in CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption and Cement Production. Geophysical Research Letters 35(8):L08806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gu, X. 2011. NGOs Play a Positive Role in Handling Shanghai Richina Leather Pollution [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 141150.Google Scholar
Halliding, K., and Olsson, M. 2010. Balancing Climate Concerns and Energy Security: China Searching for a New Development Pathway. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) Policy Brief. SEI, Stockholm, 4 pp. Available at http://www.sei-international.org/mediamanager/documents/Publications/SEI-PolicyBrief-Hallding-BalancingClimateConcernsAndEnergySecurity.pdf (accessed July 15, 2012).Google Scholar
Harris, P.G. 2010. Responding to Climate Disaster: The Cosmopolitan Challenge to China. In China’s Environmental Crisis: Domestic and Global Political Impacts and Responses, J.J. Kassiola and S. Guo, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 153176.Google Scholar
Harris, P.G. 2011. Diplomacy, Responsibility and China’s Climate Change Policy. In China’s Responsibility for Climate Change: Ethics, Fairness and Environmental Policy, P.G. Harris, ed. Policy Press, Bristol, 124.Google Scholar
He, B. 2001. Public Environmental Awareness [in Chinese]. In China Environment and Development Review [in Chinese], Y. Zheng and S. Wang, eds. Social Sciences Documentation, Beijing, 359371.Google Scholar
Hunter, D., Salzman, J., and Zaelke, D. 2010. International Environmental Law and Policy, 4th edition. Foundation Press, Perth, Australia, 1568 pp.Google Scholar
Jiang, H. 2010. Desertification in China: Problems with Policies and Perceptions. In China’s Environmental Crisis: Domestic and Global Political Impacts and Responses, J.J. Kassiola and S. Guo, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 1340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leal-Arcas, R. 2010. Kyoto and the COPs: Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead. In Hague Yearbook of International Law, volume 17. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1780.Google Scholar
Li, D. 2011. Facing Disaster and Pollution: Corporate Social Responsibilities and More [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 142.Google Scholar
Li, N. 2012. The Capacity of Forest Carbon Sequestration to Address Global Climate Change: Management of the Forestry Sector in China. In China’s Climate Change Policies, W. Wang and G. Zheng, eds. Routledge, London, 87103.Google Scholar
Li, Q. 2001. China’s Environmental Law [in Chinese]. In China Environment and Development Review [in Chinese], Y. Zheng and S. Wang, eds. Social Sciences Documentation, Beijing, 335348.Google Scholar
Liang, W. 2010. Changing Climate? China’s New Interest in Global Climate Change Negotiations. In China’s Environmental Crisis: Domestic and Global Political Impacts and Responses, J.J. Kassiola and S. Guo, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 6184.Google Scholar
Lo, S., and Yi, Y. 2011. Transgressing Global and Local: Environmental NGOs and Chinese Overseas Investment [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 255265.Google Scholar
Ma, X., and Ortolano, L. 2000. Environmental Regulation in China: Institutions, Enforcement, and Compliance. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 232 pp.Google Scholar
Managi, S., and Kaneko, S. 2009. Chinese Economic Development and the Environment. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, England, 352 pp.Google Scholar
Martinot, E. 2007. Renewables 2007: Global Status Report REN2. Renewable Energy Policy Network, Paris, 51 pp. Available at http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/activities/gsr/RE2007_Global_Status_Report.pdf(accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), People’s Republic of China. 2008, March 18. Mission. MEP, Beijing. Available at http://english.mep.gov.cn/About_SEPA/Mission/200803/t20080318_119444.htm (accessed July 7, 2013).Google Scholar
Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), People’s Republic of China. 2013, June 5. China 2013 International Environmental Protection Day Campaign [in Chinese]. MEP, Beijing. Available at http://www.zhb.gov.cn/ztbd/hjr/sjhjr/hjr/ (accessed October 1, 2013).Google Scholar
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People’s Republic of China. 2009, November. China’s Policies and Actions for Climate Change—The Progress Report 2009. NDRC, Beijing, 101 pp. Available at http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File571.pdf (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People’s Republic of China. 2012, June 23. Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Interim Measures [in Chinese]. NDRC, Beijing.Google Scholar
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) and the Ministry of Finance (MOF). 2011, August 3. Measures for Operation and Management of Clean Development Mechanism Projects (Revised). Beijing. NDRC, MOST, MOFA, and MOF, Beijing. Available at http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=4846&EncodingName=big5 (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 1989, December 26. Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/34356.htm (accessed July 9, 2012).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 1998, April 29. Forestry Law of People’s Republic of China (Revised) [in Chinese]. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.yanmon.com/swls/xgfg/flfg/200609/5490.html (accessed July 21, 2012).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2002, October 1. Water Law of People’s Republic of China (Revised 2009) [in Chinese]. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.chnnw.cn/wzz.asp?x=568 (accessed July 16, 2011).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2008a, August 29. Circular Economy Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.bjreview.com.cn/document/txt/2008-12/04/content_168428.htm (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2008b, April 1. Energy Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised 2007). NPC, Beijing, 26 pp. Available at http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?cgid=98763&lib=law (accessed July 6, 2011).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2010, January 1. Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China (Revised 2009). NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=3942 (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2011a, March. Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development Program of the People’s Republic of China. NPC, Beijing, 62 pp. Available at http://cbi.typepad.com/china_direct/2011/05/chinas-twelfth-five-new-plan-the-full-english-version.html (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2011b, December 1. ‘12th Five-Year’ Working Program on Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions [in Chinese]. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-01/13/content_2043645.htm (accessed November 20, 2013).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2012a, February 29. Law of the People’s Republic of China on Cleaner Production Promotion (Revised). NPC, Beijing. Available at http://english.gov.cn/laws/2005-10/08/content_75059.htm (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
National People’s Congress (NPC), People’s Republic of China. 2012b, March. Institutional Reform of the State Council 2008 [in Chinese]. NPC, Beijing. Available at http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-01/16/content_1207014.htm (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Palmer, J. 1998. Environmental Education in the 21st Century: Theory, Practice, Progress and Promise. Routledge, London, 304 pp.Google Scholar
Pei, M. 2007, July 16. “Made in China” Label Won’t Survive without Rule of Law [Global Viewpoint]. New Perspectives Quarterly 31(2). Available at http://www.digitalnpq.org/articles/global/192/07-16-2007/minxin_pei (accessed September 22, 2013).Google Scholar
Qie, J. 2011. Why Didn’t MOEP Sue Zijin Mining Group [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 151158.Google Scholar
Raby, G. 2012. June 18. China: The Longer View. Speech delivered at the Horace Lamb Lecture Theatre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Available at the Professions Hub, http://blogs.adelaide.edu.au/professions-hub/2012/06/07/china-the-longer-view-by-dr-geoff-raby/ (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Shen, X. 2011. Natural Disasters: A Compulsory Way to Fix Human Wrongdoings—Starting from Climate Change, Flood, and Drought [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 7083.Google Scholar
Shirk, S. L. 2007. China: Fragile Superpower. Oxford University Press, New York, 320 pp.Google Scholar
Smil, V. 1996, April. Environmental Problems in China: Estimates of Economic Costs. East-West Center Special Reports, No. 5. East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, 62 pp. Available at http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/19957 (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Song, J. 2010. Carbon Trade and WTO under the Kyoto Protocol Framework [in Chinese]. Forward Position 13(267):5760.Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 1998, September 25. Social Organization Registration Management Regulations. State Council, Beijing, 8 pp. Available at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temple.edu%2Flawschool%2Fiilpp%2FEnvironmentalRoundtableResearchDocs%2FSocialOrgRegistration.doc&ei=w3MMVNyrHYO3yATK0YHADA&usg=AFQjCNF_TE6hnBr6E9o5rC3wp4mTbQSE_w (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2000, January 2. Regulations for the Implementation of PRC Forestry Law [in Chinese]. State Council, Beijing. Available at http://www.eduzhai.net/yingyu/615/763/yingyu_246774.html (accessed July 21, 2012).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2003, January 20. Measures for Return the Grain Plots to Forestry. State Council, Beijing. Available at http://www.people.com.cn/GB/huanbao/55/20021225/895611.html (accessed July 21, 2012).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2008a, October 29. China’s Polices and Actions for Addressing Climate Change. State Council, Beijing, 55 pp. Available at http://www.gov.cn/english/2008-10/29/content_1134544.htm (accessed July 15, 2012).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2008b, July 23. Civil Building Energy Efficiency Regulations [in Chinese]. State Council, Beijing. Available at http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-08/07/content_1067062.htm (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2010, October 10. Decision of the State Council on Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of Strategic Emerging Industry. State Council, Beijing. Available at http://hk.lexiscn.com/law/decision-of-the-state-council-on-accelerating-the-cultivation-and-development-of-strategic-emerging-industries.html (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2012. Wen Jiabao Chaired a State Council Executive Meeting to Discuss Energy Development 12/5 Planning, Discussed Again, and Pass the Nuclear Safety Planning (2011–2020) and Nuclear Power Medium and Long-Term Development Plan (2011–2020) [in Chinese]. Chinese Government Network, October 24. Available at http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2012-10/24/content_2250357.htm (accessed October 26, 2012).Google Scholar
State Council, People’s Republic of China. 2013, June 14. Li Keqiang Chaired a State Council Executive Meeting to Deploy Ten Measures for the Control of Air Pollution [in Chinese]. State Council, Beijing. Available at http://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-06/14/content_2426237.htm (accessed June 16, 2013).Google Scholar
State Forestry Bureau, People’s Republic of China. 2011, December 21. Forestry ‘12th Five-Year’ Action Points on Climate Change [in Chinese]. State Forestry Bureau, Beijing. Available at http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-01/20/content_2049496.htm (accessed November 11, 2013).Google Scholar
Sterk, W., Arens, C., Mersman, F., Wang-Helmreich, H., and Wehnert, T. 2011, December. On the Road Again: Progressive Countries Score a Realpolitik Victory in Durban while the Real Climate Continues to Heat Up. Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Wuppertal, Germany, 39 pp. Available at http://wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wupperinst/COP17-report.pdf (accessed July 12, 2012).Google Scholar
Stimpson, P. 2000. Environmental Attitudes and Education in Southern China. In Environment, Education and Society in the Asia-Pacific: Local Traditions and Global Discourses, D. Yencken, J. Fien, and H. Sykes, eds. Routledge, New York, 5174.Google Scholar
Sun, Y., and Zhao, D. 2008. Environmental Campaigns. In Popular Protest in China, K.J. O’Brien, ed. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 144162.Google Scholar
Supreme People’s Court, People’s Republic of China. 2010, June 29. Notice of the Supreme People’s Court on Issuing the Several Opinions on Providing Judicial Guarantee and Services for Accelerating the Transformation of the Economic Development Mode. Supreme People’s Court, Beijing. Available at http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=8339&CGid= (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Tung, C. 2009. Carbon Law and Practice in China. In Legal Aspects of Carbon Trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and Beyond, D. Freestone and C. Streck, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 488515.Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). 1986, December 4. Declaration on the Right to Development. UN Doc A/RES/41/128, Annex. UN, New York. Available at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). 1992, June 14. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UN, New York, 33 pp. Available at http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
United Nations (UN). 1998. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Report of the Conference of the Parties at Its Third Session, held in Kyoto, December 1–11, 1997. UN Doc FCCC/CP/1997/7/Add.1, March 18, 1998. UN, New York, 60 pp. Available at http://unfccc.int/essential_background/kyoto_protocol/items/1678.php (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Ahlquist, D., and Li, J. 2013, April 5. E-Waste in China: A Country Report. StEP Green Paper Series. United Nations University’s Institute for Sustainability and Peace, Bonn, Germany, 60 pp. Available at http://www.step-initiative.org/tl_files/step/files/5.%20StEP%20Task%20Forces/5.1%20TF%201%20Policy/5.1.4%20Projects/StEP%20Country%20Study%20in%20China/StEP%20GP_E-waste%20China.pdf (accessed June 10, 2013).Google Scholar
Wang, J. 2011. Staggering Ecological Deterioration on Yellow River [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 8594.Google Scholar
Wang, M. 2008. China’s Plight in Moving towards a Low-Carbon Future: Analysis from the Perspective of Energy Law. In Beyond the Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition, D. Zillman, C. Redgwell, Y. Omorogbe and L.K. Barrera-Hernández, eds. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 379398.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Morgan, R., and Cashmore, M. 2003. Environmental Impact Assessment of Projects in the People’s Republic of China: New Law, Old Problems. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 23(5):543579.Google Scholar
Watson, I. 2013, May 31. China: The Electronic Wastebasket of the World. CNN, Atlanta, GA. Available at http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/30/world/asia/china-electronic-waste-e-waste (accessed June 10, 2013).Google Scholar
World Bank. 2001. China Air, Land and Water: Environmental Priorities for a New Millennium. World Bank, Washington, DC, 174 pp.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2010. World Development Indicators: 2010. World Bank, Washington, DC, 489 pp. Available at http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-final.pdf (accessed September 7, 2014).Google Scholar
World Development Movement. 2007, November. Blame It on China? The International Politics of Climate Change. World Development Movement, London, 27 pp. Available at http://www.wdm.org.uk/blame-it-china-international-politics-climate-change (accessed September 29, 2013).Google Scholar
Xinhua.net. 2007, June 4. China National Plan to Respond to Climate Change [full text] [in Chinese]. National Development and Reform Commission, Beijing. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-06/04/content_6196300.htm (accessed July 11, 2012).Google Scholar
Xinhua.net. 2008, October 30. China with the Largest Greenhouse Gas Emissions but Lower in Per Capita Emissions [Commentary] [in Chinese]. Xinhua, Beijing. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2008-10/30/content_10281754.htm (accessed July 12, 2012).Google Scholar
Xiong, Y. 2011. Low Carbon Transition Roadmap: International Experience, China’s Choice and Local Practice [in Chinese]. China Economic, Beijing, 372 pp.Google Scholar
Ye, W., and Kan, H. 2012. Economist Lin Yifu on State-Sustained Growth. Caixin Online, September 18. Available at http://english.caixin.com/2012-09-18/100439445.html (accessed May 12, 2013).Google Scholar
Yencken, D. 2000. Attitudes to Nature in the East and West. In Environment, Education and Society in the Asia-Pacific: Local Traditions and Global Discourses, D. Yencken, J. Fien and H. Sykes, eds. Routledge, New York, 427.Google Scholar
Yu, J. 2011. A Review of Major Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Events in 2010 [in Chinese]. In Annual Report on Environment Development of China (2011) [in Chinese], D. Yang, ed. Social Science Academic Press (China), Beijing, 117126.Google Scholar
Yu, J. 2012. NGOs and Climate Change. In China’s Climate Change Policies, W. Wang, G. Zheng, J. Pan, Y. Luo, Y. Chen and H. Chen, eds. Routledge, London, 104115.Google Scholar
Yu, Y., and Zeng, F. 2010. Digital Power: Public Participation in An Environmental Controversy. In China’s Environmental Crisis: Domestic and Global Political Impacts and Responses, J.J. Kassiola and S. Guo, eds. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 179194.Google Scholar
Zheng, Y. 2001. The Officer Examination System and Sustainable Development [in Chinese]. In China Environment and Development Review [in Chinese], Y. Zheng and S. Wang, eds. Social Sciences Documentation, Beijing, 406411.Google Scholar