Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T05:45:55.682Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Longitudinal Analysis of Physical and Psychological Wellbeing amongst Late Adolescents: Exploring the Transition from School to Postschool Life

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2012

Carissa J. Martinez ,
Andrew J. Martin ,
Gregory Arief D. Liem  and
Susan Colmar
Carissa J. Martinez
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Australia
Andrew J. Martin*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Australia
Gregory Arief D. Liem
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Australia
Susan Colmar
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney, Australia
*
Address for correspondence: Professor Andrew J. Martin, Faculty of Education and Social Work, A35 – Education Building, University of Sydney NSW 2006, Australia. Email: andrew.martin@sydney.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

The present longitudinal investigation explored the extent to which physical wellbeing predicts psychological wellbeing in a sample transitioning from school to postschool life. The study comprised 213 young people assessed in their final year of high school (T1) and then one year later (T2). Longitudinal structural equation modeling supported hypothesised paths at each time point, with physical health positively predicting psychological health and perceived life quality and satisfaction. At T2, physical health also positively predicted a sense of meaning and purpose in life. Supplementary analysis showed a significant cross-time effect from T1 psychological health to T2 physical health. Findings hold substantive and practical implications highlighting the importance of multidimensional and integrative approaches to understanding and enhancing the wellbeing of young people who are making the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood.

Keywords

quality of lifepsychological wellbeingphysical healthphysical wellbeingadolescence
Type
Articles
Information
The Educational and Developmental Psychologist , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , July 2012 , pp. 17 - 43
Copyright
Copyright © Australian Psychological Society Ltd 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from late teens through the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2002). Australia's health 2002: The eighth biennial health report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Canberra, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2003). Indicators of health risk factors: The AIHW Review. Canberra, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2008). Injury among young Australians. Canberra, Australia: Author.Google Scholar
Bardwell, W., Berry, C. C., Ancoli-Israel, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (1999). Psychological correlates of sleep apnea. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 47, 583–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Meanings of life. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Berger, B. G., & Tobar, D. A. (2007). Physical activity and quality of life. In Tenenbaum, G. & Eklund, R. C. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 598–620). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyond Blue. (2004). Annual report 2003–2004. Melbourne, Australia: Beyond Blue, the National Depression Initiative.Google Scholar
Biddle, S. J. H., Fox, K. R., & Boutcher, S. H. (Eds.). (2000). Physical activity and psychological well-being. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Biddle, S. H. J., & Mutrie, N. (2001). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bize, R., Johnson, J. A., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2007). Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 45, 401–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 887–919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Byrne, B. (1996). Measuring self-concept across the lifespan. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Carless, D., & Fox, K. R. (2003). The physical self. In Everett, T.Donaghy, M. & Feaver, S. (Eds.), Interventions for mental health (pp. 69–81). London: Butterworth-Heinemann.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspersen, C. J., Pereira, M. A., & Curran, K. M. (2000). Changes in physical activity patterns in the United States, by sex and cross-sectional age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 1601–1609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, C. P., & Bentler, P. M. (1993). Invariant standardized estimated parameter change for model modification in covariance structure analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 28, 97–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E. & Lucas, R. E. (1999). Personality and subjective well-being. In Kahneman, D.Diener, E. & Schwarz, N. (Eds.), (Hedonic psychology: Scientific perspectives on enjoyment, suffering, and well-being (pp. 213–229). New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Kesebir, P., & Tov, W. (2009). Happiness. In Leary, M. R. & Hoyle, R. H. (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 147–160). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revisions to the adaption theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dishman, R. K., Washburn, R. A., & Heath, G. W. (2004). Physical activity epidemiology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Google Scholar
Dubbert, P. M. (2002). Physical activity and exercise: Recent advances and current challenges. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 526–536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekeland, E., Heian, F., Hagen, K. B., Abbott, J., & Nordheim, L. (2004). Exercise to improve self-esteem in children and young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1), Article CD003683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 731–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Fox, K. R. (2000). Self-esteem, self-perceptions and exercise. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 228–240.Google Scholar
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. New York: Crown.Google Scholar
Fuligni, A. J., & Hardway, C. (2006). Daily variation in adolescents' sleep, activities, and psychological well-being. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 353–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. S. (2005). Determinants of impaired quality of life in children with recurrent headache. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 65, 4829.Google Scholar
Ginis, K. A. M., Jetha, A., Mack, D. E., & Hetz, S. (2010). Physical activity and subjective well-being among people with spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis. Spinal Cord, 48, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginns, P., Liem, G. A. D., & Martin, A. J. (2011). The role of personality in learning processes and learning outcomes in applied settings. In Boag, S. & Tiliopoulos, N. (Eds). Personality and individual differences: Theory, assessment, and application (pp. 93–102). New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Grewal, R., Cote, J. A., & Baumgartner, H. (2004). Multicollinearity and measurement error in structural equation models: Implications for theory testing. Marketing Science, 23, 519–529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Stevens, N., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Sleep and psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 82, 147–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.). (1995). Structural equation modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Gaiso, A. K. D. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 179–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jean-Louis, G., Kripke, D. F., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2000). Sleep and quality of well-being. Sleep, 23, 1115–1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, R., McCulloch, A., Friedli, L., & Parker, C. (2002). Developing a national mental health policy. Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Jorm, A. F., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Rodgers, B. (2002). Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Medical Journal of Australia, 176, 84–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.80. Chicago: Scientific Software International.Google Scholar
Jurakić, D., Pedišić, Ź., & Greblo, Z. (2010). Physical activity in different domains and health-related quality of life: A population based study. Quality of Life Research, 19, 1303–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, D. (1990). Evaluating and modifying covariance structure models: A review and recommendation (with discussion). Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 137–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kesaniemi, Y. A., Danforth, E., Jensen, M. D., Kopelman, P. G., Lefebvre, P., & Reeder, B. A. (2001). Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: An evidence-based symposium. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 351–358.Google ScholarPubMed
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landers, D., & Arent, S. (2007). Physical activity and mental health. In Tenenbaum, G. & Eklund, R. (Eds.), Handbook of Sport Psychology (3rd ed., pp. 469–491). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Lee, R. E., Nigg, C. R., DiClemente, C. C., & Courneya, K. S. (2001). Validating motivational readiness for exercise behavior with adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 401–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001). Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psychologist, 56, 239–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maassen, G. H., & Bakker, A. B. (2001). Suppressor variables in path models: Definitions and interpretations. Sociological Methods & Research, 30, 241–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 201–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modification in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance, Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, R. P., & Marsh, H. W. (1990). Choosing a multivariate model: Noncentrality and goodness-of-fit. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 247–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, D., & Mahoney, J. L. (2003). A holistic person approach for research on positive development. In Aspinwall, L. G. & Staudinger, U. M. (Eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp. 227–243). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, H. W. (1990). A multidimensional, hierarchical model of self-concept: Theoretical and empirical justification. Educational Psychology Review, 2, 77–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & Hau, K.-T. (1996). An evaluation of incremental fit indices: A clarification of mathematical and empirical processes. In Marcoulides, G. A. & Schumacker, R. E. (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling techniques (pp. 315–353). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W., & Hau, K.-T. (1996). Assessing goodness of fit: Is parsimony always desirable? The Journal of Experimental Education, 64, 364–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis testing approaches to setting cut-off values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralising Hu & Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, S. J., & Welk, G. J. (2008). Definitions and measurement. In Smith, A. L. & Biddle, S. J. H. (Eds.), Youth physical activity and sedentary behavior: Challenges and solutions (pp. 3–30). Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martens, M. P., & Haase, R. F. (2006). Advanced applications of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 878–911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A. J. (2005). Exploring the effects of a youth enrichment program on academic motivation and engagement. Social Psychology of Education, 8, 179–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A. J. (2008). Enhancing student motivation and engagement: The effects of a multidimensional intervention. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 33, 239–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A. J. (2010). Physical activity motivation in the year following high school: Assessing stability and appropriate analytical approaches. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 107–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A. J. (2011). Prescriptive statements and educational practice: What can structural equation modeling (SEM) offers? Educational Psychology Review, 23, 235–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, A. J., Liem, G. A. D., Coffey, L., Martinez, C., Parker, P., Marsh, H. W., & Jackson, S. (2010). What happens to physical activity behavior, motivation, self-concept, and flow after completing school? A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 437–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, C. J., Martin, A. J., & Dowson, M. (2006, July). Physical health and psychological well-being: Measurement and research. Paper presented at the Fourth International Biennial SELF Research Conference, Ann Arbor, MI.Google Scholar
Menard, S. (1991). Longitudinal research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Mutrie, N. (2000). The relationship between physical activity and clinically defined depression. In Biddle, S. J. H.Fox, K. & Boutcher, S. H. (Eds.), Physical activity and psychological well-being (pp. 46–62). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nagyova, I, Stewart, R. E., Macejova, Z., Van Dijk, J. P., & Van den Heuvel, W. J. (2005). The impact of pain on psychological well-being in rheumatoid arthritis: The mediating effects of self-esteem and adjustment to disease. Patient Education and Counseling, 58, 55–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
O'Mara, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Craven, R. G., & Debus, R. L. (2006). Do self-concept interventions make a difference? A synergistic blend of construct validation and meta-analysis. Educational Psychologist, 41, 181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, P. D., Martin, A. J., Martinez, C. J., Marsh, H. W., & Jackson, S. (2010). Longitudinal approaches to Stages of Change measurement: Effects on cognitive and behavioral physical activity factors. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43, 108–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The Satisfaction With Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penny, K. I., Purves, A. M., Smith, B. H., Chambers, W. A., & Smith, W. C. (1999). Relationship between the chronic pain grade and measures of physical, social and psychological well-being. Pain, 79, 275–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plante, T. G., & Rodin, J. (1990). Physical fitness and enhanced psychological health. Current Psychology: Research & Reviews, 9, 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005). Does positive affect influence health? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 925–971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosel, J., & Plewis, I. (2008). Longitudinal data analysis with structural equations methodology. Methodology, 4, 37–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D. (1989a). Beyond ponce de leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 12, 35–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D. (1989b). Happiness is everything, or is it? Exploration on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 13–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Love, G. D. (2004). Positive health: Connecting well-being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B359, 1383–1394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmon, J., Breman, R., Fotheringham, M., Ball, K., & Finch, C. (2000). Potential approaches for the promotion of physical activity: A review of the literature. Melbourne, Australia: Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.Google Scholar
Sallis, J. F. (2000). Age-related decline in physical activity: A synthesis of human and animal studies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 1598–1600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saris, W. E., Satorra, A., & Sörbom, D. (1987). The detection and correction of specification errors in structural equation models. In Clogg, C. C. (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 105–129). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Sawatzky, R., Ratner, P. A., Johnson, J. L., Kopec, J. A., & Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Self-reported physical and mental health status and quality of life in adolescents: A latent variable mediation model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schimmack, U., & Diener, E. (2003). Predictive validity of explicit and implicit self-esteem for subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 100–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnell, T., & Becker, P. (2005). Personality and meaning in life. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 117–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwimmer, J. B., Burwinkle, T. M., & Varni, J. W. (2003). Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 1813–1819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Seymour, L. (2003). Not all in the mind: The physical health of mental health service users. London: Mentality.Google Scholar
Shields, M., & Shoostari, S. (2001). Determinants of self-perceived health. Health Reports, 13, 35–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15, 243–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. L., & Biddle, S. J. H. (Eds.). (2008). Youth physical activity and sedentary behavior: Challenges and solutions. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, J., McGannon, K., & Poon, P. (2005). The effect of exercise on global self-esteem: A quantitative review. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27, 311–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steptoe, A., O'Donnell, K., Marmot, M., & Wardle, J. (2008). Positive affect, psychological well-being, and good sleep. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64, 409–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steger, M. F., & Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Stability and specificity of meaning in life and life satisfaction over one year. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 161–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76, 199–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Telama, R., & Yang, X. (2000). Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, 1617–1622.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trost, S. G. (2005). Discussion paper for the development of recommendations for children's and youths’ participation in health promoting physical activity. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy people 2010: Understanding and improving health. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Van Damme, S., Crombez, G., Van Houdenhove, B., Mariman, A., & Michielsen, M. (2006). Well-being in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of acceptance. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 595–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, E. B., Davis, E., Nicolas, C., Wake, M., & Lo, S. K. (2008). The impact of childhood conditions and concurrent morbidities on child health and well-being. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34, 418–429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, E. B., Salmon, L. A., Wake, M., Wright, M., & Hesketh, K. D. (2001). The health and well-being of adolescents: A school-based population study of the self-report Child Health Questionnaire. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 140–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, K., Kendrick, T., & Yardley, L. (2009). Change in self-esteem, self-efficacy and the mood dimensions of depression as potential mediators of the physical activity and depression relationship: Exploring the temporal relation of change. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2003). Global health: Today's challenges. In The world health report 2003: Shaping the future (chap. 1). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whr/2003/en/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. (2005). Mental health atlas. Geneva: Author.Google Scholar
WHOQOL Group. (1995). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the world health organization. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 1403–1409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHOQOL Group. (1998). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science and Medicine, 46, 1569–1585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngstedt, S. D., O'Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (1997). The effects of acute exercise on sleep: A quantitative synthesis. Sleep, 20, 203–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yuan, K. H. (2005). Fit indices versus test statistics. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 115–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zullig, K. J., Valois, R. F., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2005). Adolescent health-related quality of life and perceived satisfaction with life. Quality of Life Research, 14, 1573–1584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed