Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T05:53:14.045Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

It takes two: An antenatal to postnatal RDoC framework for investigating the origins of maternal attachment and mother–infant social communication

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2021

Janet A. DiPietro Open the ORCID record for Janet A. DiPietro [Opens in a new window] ,
Katie T. Kivlighan ,
Kristin M. Voegtline ,
Kathleen A. Costigan  and
Ginger A. Moore
Janet A. DiPietro*
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Katie T. Kivlighan
Affiliation:
University of New Mexico School of Nursing, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Kristin M. Voegtline
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Kathleen A. Costigan
Affiliation:
Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Ginger A. Moore
Affiliation:
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Janet A. DiPietro, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA 21205; E-mail: jdipiet1@jhu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Transformation of the maternal–fetal relationship into the mother–infant relationship remains an enigmatic process. This progression is considered using a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) informed approach centered on domains of Arousal/Regulation, Positive/Negative Valence, and Social Processes. One hundred and fifty-eight maternal–fetal dyads began participation during pregnancy, maternal–infant dyads were followed at 6 months postpartum. Women exhibited stability in feelings of attachment to the fetus and infant, and in positive/negative appraisal of pregnancy and motherhood. Elicited maternal physiological arousal to emotionally evocative videos generated fetal heart rate variability and motor activity responses. Parasympathetic (i.e., heart rate variability) suppression in the fetus was associated with more positive and regulated infant social communication in the Face-to-Face Still Face protocol; suppression of maternal respiratory sinus arrhythmia was related to infant affect but in the opposite direction. Maternal ratings of infant temperament aligned with maternal antenatal affective valence. Attachment trajectories characterized by stability from antenatal to postnatal periods were most associated with maternal affective appraisal of pregnancy; shifts were influenced by infant characteristics and maternal sympathetic responsivity. Results illustrate how variation in arousal and regulatory systems of the pregnant woman and fetus operate within the context of maternal positive and negative valence systems to separately and jointly shape affiliation and temperament in early infancy.

Keywords

fetal developmentfetusmaternal attachmentmaternal-infant interactiontemperamentRDoC
Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Special Issue 5: Applying RDoC-Informed Approaches to the Study of Development and Psychopathology , December 2021 , pp. 1539 - 1553
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdi, F., Navidpour, F., & Dolatian, M. (2018). A literature review of pregnancy worries and stress scales. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 12, e14581. doi: 10.5812/ijpbs.14581Google Scholar
Adamson, L. B., & Frick, J. E. (2003). The still-face: A history of a shared experimental paradigm. Infancy, 4, 451–473. doi: 10.1207/S15327078IN0404_01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alhusen, J. L., Hayat, M. J., & Gross, D. (2013). A longitudinal study of maternal attachment and infant developmental outcomes. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 16, 521–529. doi: 10.1007/s00737-013-0357-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almanza-Sepulveda, M. L., Fleming, A. S., & Jonas, W. (2020). Mothering revisited: A role for cortisol? Hormones and Behavior, 121, 104679. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104679CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Araki, M., Nishitani, S., Ushimaru, K., Masuzaki, H., Oishi, K., & Shinohara, K. (2010). Fetal response to induced maternal emotions. Journal of Physiological Sciences, 60, 213–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, J. E., Freeland, C. B., & Lounsbury, M. L. (1979). Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Development, 50, 794–803. doi: 10.2307/1128946CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgartner, T., Bhamidipalli, S. S., Guise, D., Daggy, J., Parker, C. B., Westermann, M., … Haas, D. M. (2020). Psychosocial and sociodemographic contributors to breastfeeding intention in first-time mothers. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24, 1047–1056. doi: 10.1007/s10995-020-02928-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 81–95. doi.10.1037/h0025583CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benoit, D., Parker, K. C., & Zeanah, C. H. (1997). Mothers’ representation of their infants assessed prenatally: Stability and association with infants’ attachment classifications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 307–313. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01515.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernston, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., & Quigley, K. S. (1991). Autonomic determinism: The modes of autonomic control, the doctrine of autonomic space and the laws of autonomic constraint. Psychological Review, 98, 459–487. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.4.459Google Scholar
Blackmore, E. R., Gustafsson, H., Gilchrist, M., Wyman, C., & O'Connor, T. G. (2016). Pregnancy-related anxiety: Evidence of distinct clinical significance from a prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 251–258. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branjerdporn, G., Meredith, P., Strong, J., & Garcia, J. (2017). Associations between maternal-foetal attachment and infant developmental outcomes: A systematic review. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21, 540–553. doi: 10.1007/s10995-016-2138-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busuito, A., Quigley, K. M., Moore, G. A., Voegtline, K. M., & DiPietro, J. A. (2019). In sync: Physiological correlates of behavioral synchrony in infants and mothers. Developmental Psychology, 55, 1034–1045. doi: 10.1037/dev0000689CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calkins, S. D. (1997). Cardiac vagal tone indices of temperamental reactivity and behavioral regulation in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 31, 125–135. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-23023.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannella, B. L. (2005). Maternal-fetal attachment: An integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50, 60–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03349.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2018). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research & clinical applications (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Challis, J. R., Bloomfield, F. H., Bocking, A. D., Casciani, V., Chisaka, H., Connor, K., … Premyslova, M. (2005). Fetal signals and parturition. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 31, 492–499. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2005.00342.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohn, J. F., Campbell, S. B., & Ross, S. (1991). Infant response in the still-face paradigm at 6 months predicts avoidant and secure attachment at 12 months. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 367–376. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400007574CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condon, J. T. (1993). The assessment of antenatal emotional attachment: Development of a questionnaire instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 66, 167–183. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01739.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Condon, J. T., & Corkindale, C. J. (1998). The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: Development of a self-report questionnaire instrument. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 16, 57–77. doi: 10.1080/02646839808404558CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cranley, M. S. (1981). Development of a tool for the measurement of maternal attachment during pregnancy. Nursing Research, 30, 281–284. doi: 10.1097/00006199-198109000-00008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoc. BMC Medicine, 11, 126. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-126CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahan, O. (2021). The birthing brain: A lacuna in neuroscience. Brain and Cognition, 150, 105722. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105722CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Cock, E. S., Henrichs, J., Vreeswijk, C. J. M., Maas, A. J. B., Rijk, C. H., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2016). Continuous feelings of love? The parental bond from pregnancy to toddlerhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 125–134. doi: 10.1037/fam0000138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Weerth, C., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). Physiological stress reactivity in human pregnancy – a review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 295–312. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A. (2010). Psychological and psychophysiological considerations regarding the maternal-fetal relationship. Infant and Child Development, 19, 27-38. doi: 10.1002/icd.651CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Caulfield, L. E., Irizarry, R. A., Chen, P., Merialdi, M., & Zavaleta, N. (2006). Prenatal development of intrafetal and maternal-fetal synchrony. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120, 687–701. doi: 10.1037/0735-7044.120.3.687CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Costigan, K. A., & Gurewitsch, E. (2003). Fetal response to induced maternal stress. Early Human Development, 74, 125–138. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2003.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Costigan, K. A., Nelson, P., Gurewitsch, E. D., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2008a). Fetal responses to induced maternal relaxation during pregnancy. Biological Psychology, 77, 11–19. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiPietro, J. A., Costigan, K. A., & Voegtline, K. M. (2015a). Studies in fetal behavior: Revisited, renewed, and reimagined. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 80, 1–151. doi: 10.1111/mono.v80.3Google Scholar
DiPietro, J. A., Ghera, M. M., & Costigan, K. A. (2008b). Prenatal origins of temperamental reactivity in infancy. Early Human Development, 84, 569–575. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.01.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiPietro, J. A., Ghera, M. M., Costigan, K. A., & Hawkins, M. (2004). Measuring the ups and downs of pregnancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 25, 189–201. doi: 10.1080/01674820400017830CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Goldshore, M. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Pater, H. A., & Costigan, K. A. (2015b). The ups and downs of early mothering. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 36, 94–102. doi: 10.3109/0167482x.2015.1034269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiPietro, J. A., Hodgson, D. M., Costigan, K. A., & Johnson, T. R. B. (1996). Fetal antecedents of infant temperament. Child Development, 67, 2568–2583. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01875.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Raghunathan, R. S., Wu, H. T., Bai, J., Watson, H., Sgambati, F. P., … Pien, G. W. (2021). Fetal heart rate during maternal sleep. Developmental Psychobiology, 63, 945–959. doi: 10.1002/dev.22118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Voegtline, K. M., Costigan, K. A., Aguirre, F., Kivlighan, K., & Chen, P. (2013). Physiological reactivity of pregnant women to evoked fetal startle. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 75, 321–326. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.07.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiPietro, J. A., Voegtline, K. M., Pater, H. A., & Costigan, K. A. (2018). Predicting child temperament and behavior from the fetus. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 855–870. doi: 10.1017/s0954579418000482CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ertmann, R. K., Bang, C. W., Kriegbaum, M., Væver, M. S., Kragstrup, J., Siersma, V., … Smith-Nielsen, J. (2021). What factors are most important for the development of the maternal-fetal relationship? A prospective study among pregnant women in Danish general practice. BMC Psychology, 9, 2. doi: 10.1186/s40359-020-00499-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, R. (2007). Parent-infant synchrony: Biological foundations and developmental outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 340–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00532.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, N. S., Urech, C., Isabel, F., Meyer, A., Hoesli, I., Bitzer, J., & Alder, J. (2011). Fetal response to abbreviated relaxation techniques. A randomized controlled study. Early Human Development, 87, 121–127. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.11.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foley, S., Hughes, C., Murray, A. L., Baban, A., Fernando, A. D., Madrid, B., … Eisner, M. (2021). Prenatal attachment: Using measurement invariance to test the validity of comparisons across eight culturally diverse countries. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 24, 619–625. doi: 10.1007/s00737-021-01105-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foley, S., & Hughes, S. (2018). Great expectations? Do mothers and fathers’ prenatal thoughts and feelings about the infant predict parent-infant interaction quality? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 48, 40–54. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.03.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glynn, L. M., Howland, M. A., & Fox, M. (2018). Maternal programming: Application of a developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 905–919. doi: 10.1017/s0954579418000524CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, P., van Beek, J., & Wientjes, C. (1990). A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Psychophysiology, 27, 702–714. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03198.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hane, A. A., Fox, N. A., Polak-Toste, C., Ghera, M. M., & Guner, B. M. (2006). Contextual basis of maternal perceptions of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1077–1088. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1077CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassidov, D., Asher, U. A., Ben-Ami, M., Keselman, L., Sabri, R., & Haddad, S. (2018). The effect of maternal mathematical activities on the fetal brain. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8, 826–835. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2018.810086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hepper, P. (2015). Behavior during the prenatal period: Adaptive for development and survival. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 38–43. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howland, M. A., Sandman, C. A., & Glynn, L. M. (2017). Developmental origins of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 12, 321–339. doi: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1356222CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huizink, A. C., Mulder, E. J. H., Robles de Medina, P., Visser, G. H. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2004). Is pregnancy anxiety a distinctive syndrome? Early Human Development, 79, 81–91. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.04.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 748–751. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Bas, G. A., Youssef, G. J., Macdonald, J. A., Mattick, R., Teague, S. J., Honan, I., … Hutchinson, D. M. (2021). Maternal bonding, negative affect, and infant social-emotional development: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 926–934. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindgren, K. (2001). Relationships among maternal-fetal attachment, prenatal depression, and health practices in pregnancy. Research in Nursing and Health, 24, 203–217. doi: 10.1002/nur.1023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, C. (1978). Regulation of the fetal heart rate and genesis of FHR patterns. Seminars in Perinatology, 2, 131–146.Google ScholarPubMed
Matthey, S. (2010). Are we overpathologising motherhood? Journal of Affective Disorders, 120, 263–266. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGrath, J. M., Records, K., & Rice, M. (2008). Maternal depression and infant temperament characteristics. Infant Behavior & Development, 31, 71–80. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McManus, M. A., Khalessi, A. A., Lin, J., Ashraf, J., & Reich, S. M. (2017). Positive feelings during pregnancy, early feeding practices, and infant health. Pediatrics International, 59, 593–599. doi: 10.1111/ped.13209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monk, C., Myers, M. M., Sloan, R. P., Ellman, L. M., & Fifer, W. P. (2003). Effects of women's stress-elicited physiological activity and chronic anxiety on fetal heart rate. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 24, 32–38. 10.1097/00004703-200302000-00008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2004). Infants’ vagal regulation in the still-face paradigm is related to dyadic coordination of mother-infant interaction. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1068–1080. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1068CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, G. A., Cohn, J. F., & Campbell, S. B. (2001). Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months. Developmental Psychology, 37, 706–714. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.706CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulkey, S. B., & du Plessis, A. J. (2019). Autonomic nervous system development and its impact on neuropsychiatric outcome. Pediatric Research, 85, 120–126. doi: 10.1038/s41390-018-0155-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oates, M. R. (2002). Adverse effects of maternal antenatal anxiety on children: Causal effect or developmental continuum? British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 478–479. doi: 10.1192/bjp.180.6.478CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostlund, B. D., Vlisides-Henry, R. D., Crowell, S. E., Raby, K. L., Terrell, S., Brown, M. A., … Conradt, E. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation: Part II. Developmental origins of newborn neurobehavior. Development and Psychopathology, 31, 833–846. doi: 10.1017/s0954579419000440CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porcaro, C., Zappasodi, F., Barbati, G., Salustri, C., Pizzella, V., Rossini, P. M., & Tecchio, F. (2006). Fetal auditory responses to external sounds and mother's heart beat: Detection improved by independent component analysis. Brain Research, 1101, 51–58. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74, 116–143. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prechtl, H. F. R. (1984). Continuity and change in early neural development. In Prechtl, H. (Ed.), Continuity in neural functions from prenatal to postnatal life (Vol. Clinics in developmental medicine No. 94 pp. 1–15). Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co.Google Scholar
Priel, B., & Besser, A. (2000). Adult attachment styles, early relationships, antenatal attachment, and perceptions of infant temperament: A study of first-time mothers. Personal Relationships, 7, 291–310. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00018.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provenzi, L., Casini, E., de Simone, P., Reni, G., Borgatti, R., & Montirosso, R. (2015). Mother-infant dyadic reparation and individual differences in vagal tone affect 4-month-old infants’ social stress regulation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 140, 158–170. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reading, A. E., Cox, D. N., Sledmere, C. M., & Campbell, S. (1984). Psychological changes over the course of pregnancy: A study of attitudes toward the fetus/neonate. Health Psychology, 3, 211–221. doi: 10.1037//0278-6133.3.3.211CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinl, E. L., & England, S. K. (2015). Fetal-to-maternal signaling to initiate parturition. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 125, 2569–2571. doi: 10.1172/jci82576CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In Lamb, H. & Brown, A. (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology, Volume 1 , pp. 37–86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.Google Scholar
Sandman, C. A. (2018). Prenatal CRH: An integrating signal of fetal distress. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 941-952. doi: 10.1017/s0954579418000664CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, U., Bode, F., Schmidt, A., Nowack, S., Rudolph, A., Dolker, E. M., … Hoyer, D. (2018). Developmental milestones of the autonomic nervous system revealed via longitudinal monitoring of fetal heart rate variability. PLoS One, 13, e0200799. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smotherman, W. P., & Robinson, S. R. (1987). Prenatal influences on development: Behavior is not a trivial aspect of fetal life. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 8, 171–175. doi: 10.1097/00004703-198706000-00009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tronick, E. Z. (1980). On the primacy of social skills. The Exceptional Infant, 4, 144–158.Google Scholar
Tronick, E. Z., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infant's response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)62273-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tung, I., Krafty, R. T., Delcourt, M. L., Melhem, N. M., Jennings, J. R., Keenan, K., & Hipwell, A. E. (2021). Cardiac vagal control in response to acute stress during pregnancy: Associations with life stress and emotional support. Psychophysiology, 58, e13808. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13808CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Bussel, J. C., Spitz, B., & Demyttenaere, K. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the maternal antenatal attachment scale. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 13, 267–277. doi: 10.1007/s00737-009-0127-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Bergh, B. R. H. (2010). Some societal and historical scientific considerations regarding the mother-fetus relationship and parenthood. Infant and Child Development, 19, 39–44. doi: 10:1002/icd652CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Bergh, B. R. H., & Simons, A. (2009). A review of scales to measure the mother-foetus relationship. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 27, 114–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Bergh, B. R. H., van den Heuvel, M. I., Lahti, M., Braeken, M., de Rooij, S. R., Entringer, S., … Schwab, M. (2020). Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 117, 26–64. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Zwan, J. E., de Vente, W., Koot, H. M., & Huizink, A. C. (2017). Validation of the Dutch version of the pregnancy experience scale. Midwifery, 50, 16–20. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.03.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlisides-Henry, R. D., Deboeck, P. R., Grill-Velasquez, W., Mackey, S., Ramadurai, D. K. A., Urry, J. O., … Crowell, S. E. (2021). Behavioral and physiological stress responses: Within-person concordance during pregnancy. Biological Psychology, 159, 108027. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vreeswijk, C. M. J., Maas, A. J. B., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2012). Parental representations: A systematic review of the working model of the child interview. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 314–328. doi: 10.1002/imhj.20337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, J. (2010). Definitions matter: If maternal-fetal relationships are not attachment, what are they? Archives of Womens Mental Health, 13, 449–451. doi: 10.1007/s00737-010-0152-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner, E. A., Myers, M. M., Fifer, W. P., Cheng, B., Fang, Y., Allen, R., & Monk, C. (2007). Prenatal predictors of infant temperament. Developmental Psychobiology, 49, 474–484. doi: 10.1002/dev.20232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarcheski, A., Mahon, N. E., Yarcheski, T. J., Hanks, M. M., & Cannella, B. L. (2009). A meta-analytic study of predictors of maternal-fetal attachment. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 708–715. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.10.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeanah, C. H., Zeanah, P. D., & Stewart, L. K. (1990). Parents constructions of their infants’ personalities before and after birth: A descriptive study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 20, 191–206. doi: 10.1007/BF00710188CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed