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Experiences of adversity in childhood and adolescence and cortisol in late adolescence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2021

Courtenay L. Kessler Open the ORCID record for Courtenay L. Kessler [Opens in a new window] ,
Suzanne Vrshek-Schallhorn ,
Susan Mineka ,
Richard E. Zinbarg ,
Michelle Craske  and
Emma K. Adam
Courtenay L. Kessler*
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Suzanne Vrshek-Schallhorn
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
Susan Mineka
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Richard E. Zinbarg
Affiliation:
Psychology Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Michelle Craske
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Emma K. Adam
Affiliation:
School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
*
Corresponding author: Courtenay L. Kessler, email: courtenaykessler@u.northwestern.edu
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Abstract

Early life adversity influences the diurnal cortisol rhythm, yet the relative influence of different characteristics of adversity remains unknown. In this study, we examine how developmental timing (childhood vs. adolescence), severity (major vs. minor), and domain of early life adversity relate to diurnal cortisol rhythms in late adolescence. We assessed adversity retrospectively in early adulthood in a subsample of 236 participants from a longitudinal study of a diverse community sample of suburban adolescents oversampled for high neuroticism. We used multilevel modeling to assess associations between our adversity measures and the diurnal cortisol rhythm (waking and bedtime cortisol, awakening response, slope, and average cortisol). Major childhood adversities were associated with flatter daily slope, and minor adolescent adversities were associated with greater average daily cortisol. Examining domains of childhood adversities, major neglect and sexual abuse were associated with flatter slope and lower waking cortisol, with sexual abuse also associated with higher cortisol awakening response. Major physical abuse was associated with higher waking cortisol. Among adolescent adversities domains, minor neglect, emotional abuse, and witnessing violence were associated with greater average cortisol. These results suggest severity, developmental timing, and domain of adversity influence the association of early life adversity with stress response system functioning.

Keywords

cortisoldiurnal rhythmearly adversityHPA axis
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 3 , August 2023 , pp. 1235 - 1250
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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