By challenging prevalent ‘realist’ interpretations, this article seeks to open up a new perspective on Anglo-US efforts to create a viable Euro-Atlantic peace system after 1918. Its main thesis is that significant advances to this end did not result from enforcing the Versailles system but rather from a qualitatively new process of peaceful change: the making of the ‘unfinished transatlantic peace order’ of the 1920s. Initiated by Anglo-US policy makers, this process led to the first ‘real’ peace settlements after 1918, the London reparations settlement of 1924 and the Locarno pact of 1925. Crucially, these settlements fostered Germany's international reintegration on terms acceptable for France. They thus prefigured the terms on which more permanent stability was achieved after 1945.

This article argues that foreign-exchange transactions were one of the most effective forms of leverage that the Nazi regime had for controlling German business. Using the example of Schering AG, the article traces some of the mechanisms of control and shows how important these transactions were to international firms such as Schering. It further argues that corporate resistance to Nazi efforts to control international German firms was hardly an option because of the vulnerability of those firms to the foreign-exchange decisions of the state. Many of the financial decisions taken by businesses in the 1920s and 30s – coupled with businessmen's own predilection to mix national with private interests – left them highly dependent on the state and quasi-governmental solutions to private commercial problems even before the Machtergreifung.

The institutional and intellectual transition of German academe from the Third Reich to the Federal Republic required a measure of self-denazification and intellectual realignment which combined a deliberate ‘politics of the past’ with the safeguards of professorial status. Against the background of the re-established civil service culture in postwar Germany this ‘moratorium of the mandarins’ can be seen as a social and intellectual process which required a re-evaluation of academic style and substance within the bounds of professorial collegiality. This process was exemplified in cases from history, theology and physics at the University of Göttingen.

This article examines in a comparative perspective the regulations to contain the process of family reunification implemented by the French and British governments in the early 1970s. The comparative analysis highlights how, despite their stemming from different legal systems, these rules repeatedly attempted to deny any right to family reunification, and shows that social and legal definitions aimed at measuring the extent of the family became more than once a source of many difficulties in the admission process. The comparison also allows for an evaluation of the way these controls were administered at points of departure and ports of entry and, more significantly, examines the predominance of governmental and administrative structures to demonstrate how in both cases these rules led to numerous infringements of immigrants' fundamental rights.

Ayhan Aktar, Varlık Vergisi ve ‘Türkleştirme’ Politikaları (Istanbul: İletişim, 2000), 244 pp., TL 7,900,000 (approx. €6.76), ISBN 975-470-779-0.

Étienne Copeaux, Espace et temps de la nation turque: Analyse d'une historiographie nationaliste, 1934–1993 (Paris: Éditions CNRS, 1997), 369 pp., €28.97, ISBN 2-271-05465-6.

Metin Heper, İsmet İnönü: The Making of a Turkish Statesman (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 270 pp., €80.00, ISBN 90-04-09919-0.

Andrew Mango, Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey (Woodstock & New York: The Overlook Press, 2000), 666 pp., €39.95, ISBN 0-58567-011-1.

Esra Özyürek, ed., Hatırladıklarıyla ve Unuttuklarıyla Türkiye'nin Toplumsal Hafizası (Istanbul: İletişim, 2001), 349 pp., TL 7,200,000 (approx. €6.16), ISBN 975-470-919-X.

Ahmet Yıldız, ‘Ne Mutlu Türküm Diyebilene’: Türk Ulusal Kimliğinin Etno-Seküler Sınırları (1919–1938) (Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001), 351 pp., TL 9,400,000 (approx. €6.88), ISBN 975-470-866-5.

Richard Bosworth, The Italian Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism (London: Arnold, 1998), 269 pp., pb., £14.99, ISBN 0-340-67727-9.

Ottar Dahl, Syndicalism, Fascism and Post-Fascism in Italy, 1900–1950 (Oslo: Solum Forlag, 1999), 180 pp., hb., 280 NOK, ISBN 82-560-1187-4.

Alexander De Grand, Italian Fascism. Its Origins and Development, 3rd edn (Lincoln, NA, and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 191 pp., pb., £9.95, ISBN 0-8032-6622-7.

Dahlia Elazar, The Making of Fascism. Class, State, and Counter-Revolution, Italy 1919–1922 (Westport, CT, and London: Praeger, 2001), 172 pp., hb., $46.50, ISBN 0-275-95864-7.

Aristotle Kallis, Fascist Ideology. Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945 (London: Routledge, 2000), 286 pp., pb., £15.99, ISBN 0-415-21612-5.

Mark Neocleous, Fascism (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997), 120 pp., pb., £9.99, ISBN 0-335-19487-7.

John Pollard, The Fascist Experience in Italy (London: Routledge 1998), 158 pp., hb., £40.00, ISBN 0-415-11631-7.

Jeffrey Schnapp, ed., A Primer of Italian Fascism (Lincoln, NA, and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 325 pp., pb., £16.95, ISBN 0-8032-9268-6.

Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 319 pp., pb., £12.50/$18.95, ISBN 0-691-08867-5.

Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 236 pp., hb., £45.00, pb., £15.95, ISBN 0-521-56214-7.

Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism. Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 288 pp., hb., £25.00, ISBN 0-19-505000-2.

Katherine Bliss Eaton, ed., Enemies of the People: The Destruction of Soviet Literary, Theater, and Film Arts in the 1930s (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2002), 230 pp., hb., £59.95, ISBN 0-8101-1769-X.

J. Otto Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 179 pp., hb., £44.95, ISBN 0-313-30921-3.

Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, Wie westlich sind die Deutschen? Amerikanisierung und Westernisierung im 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999), 160 pp., pb., €10.90, ISBN 3-525-34017-6.

Alf Lüdtke, Inge Marssolek, and Adelheid von Saldern, eds., Amerikanisierung: Traum und Alptraum im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts, Transatlantische historische Studien 6 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1996), 317 pp., hb., €36.00, ISBN 3-515-06952-6.

Heide Fehrenbach and Uta G. Poiger, eds., Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000), 258 pp., pb., $24.00, ISBN 1-57181-108-7.

Uta G. Poiger, Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany, Studies on the History of Society and Culture 35 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 333 pp., pb., $50.00, ISBN 0-520-21139-1.

Wade Jacoby, Imitation and Politics: Redesigning Modern Germany (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), 226 pp., hb., £49.95, ISBN 0-8014-3438-6.