Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T23:37:53.579Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Subaltern Bureaucrats and Postcolonial Rule: Indigenous Professional Registers of Engagement with the Chilean State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2015

Sarah A. Radcliffe  and
Andrew J. Webb
Sarah A. Radcliffe*
Affiliation:
Geography, University of Cambridge
Andrew J. Webb*
Affiliation:
Sociology, Universidad Católica in Santiago
*
sar23@cam.ac.uk
andrew.webb@uc.cl
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

What is the experience of a racial subaltern on becoming an employee of a postcolonial state? Latin America has undertaken widespread multicultural state reform, often in response to pressure from nation-wide social movements and transnational human rights activism. This provides us with a window into ways in which subaltern individuals negotiate their place in a historically exclusionary state with norms of whiteness, European codes, and literal and metaphoric distance from marginal populations. Previous research has emphasized the cooptation of subaltern actors by neoliberal postcolonial states, but we argue that a close reading of subaltern accounts yields important insights into their experiences of ambivalence, ambiguity, and agency. Neoliberal state restructuring entrained a parallel, and in many cases interconnected process that generated ambivalence among civil servants. We draw on interviews with state employees associated with multicultural educational reforms in Chile to document the registers through which indigenous subalterns position themselves regarding the politics of interculturalism and the costs of serving the state.

Type
Research Article
Information
Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 248 - 273
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdallah-Pretceille, M. 2006. Interculturalism as a Paradigm for Thinking about Diversity. Intercultural Education 17, 5: 475–83.Google Scholar
Altarejos Martinez, M. 2006. Criticas al Enfoque de Educación Intercultural y Consecuencias Prácticas. Estudios sobre Educacion 10: 121–36.Google Scholar
Andolina, R., Laurie, N., and Radcliffe, S. A.. 2009. Indigenous Development in the Andes. London: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Antileo, E. E. 2012. Nuevas Formas de Colonialismo: Diáspora Mapuche y Discurso de la Multiculturalidad. MA thesis, Universidad de Chile. Santiago.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. 1984. Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse. October 28: 125–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. 1985. Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817. Critical Inquiry 12, 1: 144–65.Google Scholar
Boccara, G. and Bolados, P.. 2010. ¿Qué es el multiculturalismo? La Nueva Cuestión Étnica en el Chile Neoliberal. Revista de Indias 80, 250: 651–90.Google Scholar
Cañulef, E. 1998. Introducción a la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe en Chile. Temuco: Pillan.Google Scholar
Carihuentro, S. A. 2007. Saberes Mapuche que Debiera Incorporar la Educación Formal en el Contexto Interétnico e Intercultural Según Sabios Mapuche. MA thesis. Santiago, Universidad de Chile.Google Scholar
Chiodi, F. 2005. El Concepto de Interculturalidad en Chile. Rivista Di Psicolinguistica Applicata 3: 37–50.Google Scholar
Colloredo-Mansfeld, R. 2009. Fighting Like a Community: Andean Civil Society in an Era of Indian Uprisings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J., eds. 2001. Millennial Capitalism and the Cultures of Neoliberalism. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Crow, J. 2010. Negotiating Inclusion in the Nation: Mapuche Intellectuals and the Chilean State. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 5, 2: 131–52.Google Scholar
Crow, J. 2011. The Mapuche Museum of Cañete (1968–2010): Decolonising the Gaze. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies 20, 2: 161–78.Google Scholar
De la Maza, F. 2012. Etnografía de las Prácticas Sociales y Negociaciones en la Población en la Política Indígena Actual, Araucanía Chile. Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales 22: 85–100.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Y and Garth, B. G.. 2002. The Internationalization of the Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Elyachar, J. 2003. Mappings of Power: The State, NGOs, and International Organizations in the Informal Economy of Cairo. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, 3: 571–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engle, K. 2010. The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Ferguson, J. and Gupta, A.. 2002. Spatializing States: Towards an Ethnography of Neoliberal Governmentality. American Ethnologist 29, 4: 981–1002.Google Scholar
Foerster, R. and Montecinos, S.. 1988. Organizaciones, Líderes y Contiendas Mapuches 1900–1970. Santiago: Arancibia Hnos.Google Scholar
García, M. E. 2005. Making Indigenous Citizens: Identities, Education, and Multicultural Development in Peru. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gershon, I. 2011. Neoliberal Agency. Current Anthropology 52, 4: 527–55.Google Scholar
Giroux, H. 1992. Postcolonial Ruptures and Democratic Possibilities: Multiculturalism as Anti-Racist Pedagogy. Cultural Critique 21: 5–39.Google Scholar
Goodale, M. and Postero, N., eds. 2013. Neoliberalism Interrupted: Social Change and Contested Governance in Contemporary Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Government of Chile. 2008. Re-conocer: Pacto Social por la Multiculturalidad. Santiago: Government of Chile.Google Scholar
Gupta, A. 2001. Governing Population: The Integrated Child Development Services Program in India. In Hanson, T. Blom and Stepputat, F., eds., States of Imagination. Durham: Duke University Press, 65–96.Google Scholar
Gustafson, B. 2009. New Languages of the State: Indigenous Resurgence and the Politics of Knowledge in Bolivia. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hale, C. A. 1996. Political Ideas and Ideologies in Latin America, 1870–1930. In Bethell, L., ed., Ideas and Ideologies in Twentieth-Century Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133–205.Google Scholar
Hale, C. R. 2002. Does Multiculturalism Menace? Governance, Cultural Rights, and the Politics of Identity in Guatemala. Journal of Latin American Studies 34: 485–524.Google Scholar
Hale, C. R. 2006. Más que un Indio: Racial Ambivalence and Neoliberal Multiculturalism in Guatemala. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Hanson, T. B. and Stepputat, F., eds. 2001. States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Haughney, D. 2007. Neoliberal Policies, Logging Companies, and Mapuche Struggle for Autonomy in Chile. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 2, 2: 141–60.Google Scholar
Kapoor, I. 2008. The Postcolonial Politics of Development. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Larner, W. 2003. Neoliberalism? Environment and Planning D 21, 5: 509–12.Google Scholar
Larraín, J. 2000. Identity and Modernity in Latin America. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Laurie, N., Andolina, R., and Radcliffe, S. A.. 2003. Indigenous Professionalization: Transnational Social Reproduction in the Andes. Antipode 35, 3: 463–91.Google Scholar
Laurie, N., Andolina, R., and Radcliffe, S. A.. 2005. Ethnodevelopment: Social Movements, Creating Experts, and Professionalizing Indigenous Knowledge in Ecuador. Antipode 37, 3: 470–96.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, H. 1991 [1974]. The Production of Space. Nicholson-Smith, D., trans. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Li, T. M. 2000. Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and the Tribal Slot. Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, 1: 149–79.Google Scholar
Li, T. M. 2007. The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Loomba, A. 2005. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. 2d ed.London: Routledge.Google Scholar
López, E. L. and Küper, W.. 2002. Intercultural Bilingual Education in Latin America: Balance and Perspectives. Eschborn, Germany: GTZ.Google Scholar
Luna, L. 2014. EIB y Educación Mapuche: Reflexiones Sobre Desafíos Comunes a Partir de una Etnografía Escolar. Paper presented at the Workshop “Education and Interculturalism: Araucanía Region,” Instituto de la Interculturalidad e Estudios Indígenas, Universidad Católica Sede Villarica, Apr.Google Scholar
Marimán, P. 1995. Demanda por Educación en el Movimiento Mapuche en Chile: 1910–1995. Temuco: Instituto de Estudios Indígenas.Google Scholar
Marimán, P. 2012. Pensar y Hacer como Mapuche. LASA Forum 18, 1: 14–17.Google Scholar
Marimán, P., Caniuqueo, S., Millalén, J., and Levil, R.. 2006. ¡Escucha Winka! Cuatro Ensayos de Historia Nacional Mapuche y un Epilogo sobre el Futuro. Santiago: LOM Ediciones.Google Scholar
Martínez, C. and De la Torre, C.. 2010. Racial Discrimination and Citizenship in Ecuador's Educational System. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies 5, 1: 1–26.Google Scholar
Meer, N. and Modood, T.. 2012. How Does Interculturalism Contrast with Multiculturalism? Journal of Intercultural Studies 32, 2: 175–96.Google Scholar
Mercer, C. 2002. NGOs, Civil Society, and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Literature. Progress in Development Studies 2, 1: 5–22.Google Scholar
Montecinos, S. and Williamson, G.. 2011. Interculturalism, Multiculturalism and Diversity as Social and Educational Policies in Chile, 1990–2008. In Grant, C. and Portera, A., eds., Intercultural and Multicultural Education. London: Routledge, 323–34.Google Scholar
Nahuelpán, H. 2013. Las ‘Zonas Grises’ de las Historias Mapuche, Colonialismo Internalizado, Marginalidad y Políticas de la Memoria. Revista de Historia Social y las Mentalidades 17, 1: 9–31.Google Scholar
Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos. 2009. Sistematización de los Distintos Ámbitos en Establecimientos Educacionales del Programa Orígenes. Santiago de Chile: Valente.Google Scholar
Ortiz, P. 2009. Indigenous Knowledge, Education and Ethnic Identity: An Ethnography of an Intercultural Bilingual Education Program in a Mapuche School. Ann Arbor: VDM Verlag.Google Scholar
Park, Y. J. and Richards, P.. 2007. Negotiating Neoliberal Multiculturalism: Mapuche Workers in the Chilean State. Social Forces 85, 3: 1319–39.Google Scholar
PEIB-Orígenes. 2011. Estudio sobre la Implementación de la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe. Santiago de Chile: Ministerio de Educación.Google Scholar
Postero, N. 2007. Now We Are Citizens. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rappaport, J. 2005. Intercultural Utopias: Public Intellectuals, Cultural Experimentation, and Ethnic Pluralism in Contemporary Colombia. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Richards, P. 2013. Race and the Chilean Miracle: Neoliberalism, Democracy and Indigenous Rights. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Silva, P. 1991. Technocrats and Politics in Chile: From the Chicago Boys to the CIEPLAN Monks. Journal of Latin American Studies 23: 385–410.Google Scholar
Silva, P. 2008. In the Name of Reason: Technocrats and Politics in Chile. University Park: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Starn, O. and de la Cadena, M., eds. 2007. Indigenous Experience Today. London: Berg.Google Scholar
Stoler, L. A. 2004. Affective States. In Nugent, D. and Vincent, J., eds., A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics. Oxford: Blackwell, 4–20.Google Scholar
Wade, P. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Walsh, C. 2000. Políticas y Significados Conflictivos. Nueva Sociedad 165: 121–33.Google Scholar
Walsh, C. 2010. Interculturalidad y Colonialidad del Poder: Un Pensamiento y Posicionamiento ‘otro’ Desde la Diferencia Colonial. In Castro-Gomez, S. and Grosfoguel, R., eds., El Giro Decolonial: Reflexiones para una Diversidad Epistémica más allá del Capitalismo Global. Bogota: Siglo del Hombre Editores, 47–62.Google Scholar
Webb, A. and Radcliffe, S.. 2013. Mapuche Demands during Educational Reform, the Penguin Revolution and the Chilean Winter of Discontent. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 13, 3: 319–41Google Scholar