¹ Marat, Jean-Paul, Oeuvres (Paris, 1790), 90.Google Scholar

² Aulard, François, L'Eloquence parlementaire pendant la révolution française: les orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention, 2 vols. (Paris, 1886), II, 475.Google Scholar

³ Hoare, Q., ed., Karl Marx, Early Writings (New York: Penguin, 1975), 276.Google Scholar

⁴ Review articles include: Maza, S., “Politics, Culture, and the Origins of the French Revolution,” Journal of Modern History, 61 (12 1989), 704–23;CrossRefGoogle ScholarCenser, J.R., “The Coming of a New Interpretation of the French Revolution,” Journal of Social History, 21 (Winter 1987), 295–309;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSpitzer, A.B., “In the Beginning Was the Word: The French Revolution,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 19 (Spring 1989), 621–33;CrossRefGoogle ScholarEdmonds, Bill, “Successes and Excesses of Revisionist Writing about the French Revolution,” European Historical Quarterly, 17 (04 1987), 195–218;CrossRefGoogle ScholarCenser, J.R., “Reinterpreting the French Revolution: The Search for Intellectual Origins,” Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 17 (Spring 1987), 181–94.Google Scholar

⁵ Furet, François, Penser la Revolution (Paris: Gallimard, 1978).Google Scholar Translated by Forster, Elborg as Interpreting the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).Google Scholar Similar approaches in, for example, Hunt, L.A., Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984).Google Scholar

⁶ Hinchman, Lewis P., Hegal's Critique of the Enlightenment (Gainesville: University of Florida Presses, 1984), 144–5;Google ScholarMarx, Karl, Early Writings, Hoare, Q., ed. (New York: Penguin, 1974), 345–8;Google ScholarSolomon, Maynard, “Marx and Bloch: reflections upon Utopia and Art,” Telos, 13 (Fall 1972), 68–85;CrossRefGoogle ScholarBerthold-Bond, Daniel, “Hegel's Eschatological Vision: Does History Have a Future?,” History and Theory, 27 (Spring 1988), 114–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷ I include here Outram, D., “Mere Words? Damage Limitation and the History of the French Revolution,” Journal of Modern History, 63 (06 1991), 327–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸ Marx, K., The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), 1,Google Scholar in Tucker, R.C., ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 1978), 594.Google ScholarPubMed

⁹ Bloch, Ernst, Essays in the Philosophy of Music, Palmer, Peter, trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 132Google Scholar, from Geist der Utopie (1918); this collection was originally published as Zur Philosophic der Musik (Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp, 1974).Google Scholar

¹⁰ See also Maclntyre, A., After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1985), 264–78;Google Scholar and Wyschogrod, Edith, Spirit in Ashes: Hegel, Heidegger and Man-Made Mass Death (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).Google Scholar

¹¹ Furet, F. and Ozouf, Mona, eds., A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1989), xx.Google Scholar I develop this argument in another way in “Mere words” (note 7).

¹² Baker, K.M., “Enlightenment and Revolution in France: Old Problems. New Approaches,” Journal of Modern History, 53 (06 1981), 281–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ Van Kley, Dale, The Damiens Affair and the Unravelling of the Ancien Regime 1750–1770 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984);Google ScholarThe Jansenists and the Expulsion of the Jesuits from France (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975);Google ScholarEgret, Jean, Louis XV et Vopposition parlementaire 1715–74 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1970);Google ScholarLa pré-révolution franéaise 1787–1788 (Paris: Presses Universitaires, 1962).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Kosselleck, Reinhard, Kritik and Krise: Eine Studie zur Pathogenese der bürgerlichen Welt (Munich: Karl Alber Verlag, 1959),Google Scholar translated as Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society (Oxford: Berg, 1988).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Habermas, Jürgen, Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne: Zẅolf Vorlesungen (Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp, 1985);Google Scholar “Mit dem Pfeil ins Herz der Gegenwart: Zu Foucault's Vorlesung über Kants Was ist Aufklärung?,” in Habermas, J., Die neue Unubersichtlichkeit: Kleine politische Schhften V (Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp, 1985), 126–31;Google Scholar in Hoy, D.C., ed., Foucault: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwells, 1986), 103–19Google Scholar, as “Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present.” The literature on the encounter between Foucault and Habermas over the definition of the Enlightenment, and the latter's related interventions in the German Historikerstreit, is enormous. See Bahr, E., “In Defense of Enlightenment: Foucault and Habermas,” German Studies Review, 11 (02 1988), 97–109;CrossRefGoogle ScholarHohendahl, P.U., “Habermas' Philosophical Discourse of Modernity,” Telos, 69 (Fall 1986), 49–65;CrossRefGoogle ScholarEley, G., “Nazism, Politics and the Image of the Past: Thoughts on the West German Historikerstreit, 1986–1987,” Past and Present, 121 (11 1988), 171–208;CrossRefGoogle ScholarFreundlieb, D., “Rationalism vs Irrationalism?: Habermas' response to Foucault,” Inquiry, 31 (Fall 1988), 171–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar As early as 1947, Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno had made the anti-Enlightenment case in their Critique of Enlightenment (Amsterdam: Querido, 1947).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Habermas, J., Struklurwandel der Oeffentlichkeit (Neuwied, 1962);Google Scholar translated by Burger, T. and Lawrence, F. as The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1989).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Absence of interest in this debate on the Enlightenment is mirrored by the English-speaking world's neglect of recent writing by German historians on the Revolution itself. Popkin, J., “Recent West German Work on the French Revolution,” Journal of Modern History, 59 (12 1987), 737–50,CrossRefGoogle Scholar is a rare exception.

¹⁸ Baker, , Inventing the French Revolution, 18.Google Scholar

¹⁹ I have discussed the consequences of this view of the French Revolution as a nonviolent, noncorporeal transformation in Outram, D., The Body and the French Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989);Google Scholar similar views are in Linda Orr, “The Romantic Historiography of the Revolution, and French Society,” Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 14 (1984), 242–8;Google Scholar and her Headless History: Nineteenth-Century French Historiography and the Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).Google Scholar

²⁰ K. M. Baker, “Enlightenment and Revolution” (note 12).

²¹ Maybe this also explains something of the hesitancy with which Baker approaches the conceptualisation of the political culture of the Revolution (pp. 4–10). It would certainly not now be possible to approach the problem as conceptualised in Trahard, P., La sensibilite revolutionnaire (Paris: Alcan, 1936).Google Scholar

²² Outram, D., “Le langage male de la virtue: Woman and the Political Language of the French Revolution,” in Porter, R.S. and Burke, P., eds., Social History of Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 120–35.Google Scholar

²³ E.g., Offen, Karen, “The New Sexual Politics of French Revolutionary Historiography,” French Historical Studies, 16 (Fall 1990);CrossRefGoogle ScholarSoboul, Albert, ed., Les femmes dans la révolution française, 1789–1794, 2 vols (Paris: EDHIS, 1982);Google ScholarLevy, D.G. and Applewhite, H.B., Women and Politics in the Age of the Democratic Revolution (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990);Google ScholarGodineau, D., Citoyennes tricoteuses: Lesfemmes du peuple à Paris pendant la révolution française (Aix-en-Provence: Editions Alinea, 1988);Google ScholarOutram, D., “Revolution, Domesticity and Feminism: Women in France after 1789,” The Historical Journal, 32 (12 1989), 971–9;CrossRefGoogle ScholarLandes, Joan B., Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988).Google Scholar

²⁴ For the argument that Western culture is characterised not by a politics of discourse, but one which imposes silence on other cultures, see Dening, Greg, Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774–1880 (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1980).Google Scholar