¹ Chevalier, Louis, Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses à Paris pendant la première moitié du XIX^e siècle (Paris: Plon, 1958), 510Google Scholar; Bory, Jean-Louis, Eugène Sue: le roi du roman populaire (Paris: Hachette, 1962), 279.Google Scholar

² Bory, , Eug' 'Die Geheimnisse von Paris” von Eugène Sue (Wiesbaden: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, 1977).Google Scholar

⁴ Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich, The Holy Family: A Critique of “Critical Critique” (Moscow: International Publishing House, 1956), 218–75.Google Scholar The original version of this material, published in 1845 in Die heilige Familie, is reprinted in Grubitzsch, , Materialen zur Kritik.Google Scholar

⁵ E.g., Bory, , Eugène Sue, 343.Google Scholar

⁶ Tudesq, André-Jean, “Un Organe gouvernemental: Le Journal des Débuts au temps de Guizot,” Politique, revue internationale des doctrines et des institutions (04–06 1959), 145Google Scholar; see also Aguet, J.-P., “Le tirage des quotidiens de Paris sous la Monarchie de Juillet,” Revue Suisse d'Histoire, 10 (1960), 247–51.Google Scholar According to both these scholars, the available records show that the circulation of the Journal rarely rose above 10,000 during the 1840s and consisted entirely of subscriptions from individual readers and public reading rooms; like most other newspapers of that time, the Journal des Debats was not sold in individual copies.

⁷ The works of Restif de la Bretonne. the Marquis de Sade, and Sébastien Mercier had been neither written for, nor read by, the bankers, stock brokers, academicians, and conservative officials and politicians at whom the Journal des Débats was aimed.

⁸ Eco, Umberto, “Rhetoric and Ideology in Sue's Les Mystères de Paris,” International Social Science Journal, 19:4 (1967), 562.Google Scholar

⁹ Sue, Eugène, Les Mysterès de Paris (Paris: Pauvert, 1963), 423–30.Google Scholar Unless otherwise indicated, all page references are from this complete modern edition. All translations are my own.

¹⁰ Ibid., 15, n. 2.

¹¹ Ibid., 423.

¹² E.g., Angenot, Marc, “Roman et idéologic: Les Mystères de Paris,” Revue des Langues Vivantes, 38 (1972), 409.Google Scholar

¹³ Geertz, Clifford, “Ideology as a Cultural System,” in Ideology and Discontent, Apter, David E., ed. (New York: Free Press, 1964), 64.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Bottomore, Tom, “Class Structure and Social Consciousness,” in Aspects of History and Class Consciousness, Meszaros, Istvan. ed. (London: Routleige & Kegan Paul, 1971), 57.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Duby, Georges, “Histoire sociale et idéologies des sociétés,” in Faire de I'histoire, Le Goff, Jacques and Nora, Pierre, eds., 3 vols. (Paris: Gallimard, 1974), I, 148–49.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Cunningham, Andrew, “Reflections on Projections: The Range of Ideology,” in Knowledge and Belief in Politics: The Problem of Ideology, Benewick, Robert et al. , eds. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973), 42.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Habermas, Jürgen, Legitimation Crisis (Boston: Beacon Press, 1975), 82–83.Google Scholar

¹⁸ E.g., GraǬa, César. Bohemian Versus Bourgeois: French Society and the French Man of Letters in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1964)Google Scholar; Clark, Priscilla P., The Battle of the Bourgeois: The Novel in France, 1789–1848 (Paris: Didier, 1973).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Clark, , Battle of the Bourgeois, 186.Google Scholar

²⁰ Sue applied this belief to himself as well as toothers. At one point, he refers to Les Mystères as “cetteoeuvre … consciencieuse et impartiale.” Les Mystères, 260. In a letter to the editors of the Journal des Débats, published in the issue of 15 October 1843, Sue praises them for their “courageuse et loyale impartialité “ in publishing his ideas even though they disagreed with them.

²¹ Sue, , Les Mystères, 692–93, 697–98.Google Scholar

²² Steams, Peter N., Paths to Authority: The Middle Class and the Industrial Labor Force in France, 1820–1848 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 179–80.Google Scholar

²³ Sue, , Les Mystères, 264.Google Scholar

²⁴ The first version of this work, based on Cousin's famous lectures at the Collège de France, appeared in 1837. For his summary argument that there is an explanation for everything, see the 1886 edition of Du Vrai, du beau et du bien (Paris: Didier), 448–50.Google Scholar

²⁵ Sue acknowledges this by noting that in a recent session of the legislature a proposal for establishing homes for workers crippled on the job elicited “a general and prolonged hilarity.” Les Mystères, 495.Google Scholar

²⁶ See Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Pantheon, 1977), 231–56.Google Scholar

²⁷ Sue, , Les Mystères, 223.Google Scholar

²⁸ Ibid., 213.

²⁹ Ibid., 2, n. 2. But Sue himself never mastered the subtleties of this argot, no matter how hard he tried. Commenting on the name Fleur-de-Marie, which was argot for The Holy Virgin, he says, “étrange hasard! les inventeurs de cette épouvantable langue se sont ainsi élevés à une sainte poésie.” He completely misses the brazen disrespect intended, which is comparable to that conveyed by “you mother!” in black ghetto English.

³⁰ Belinski, V. G., “Die Geheimnisse von Paris—Eugen Sue in Russland,”Google Scholar in Grubitzsch, , Materialen zur Kritik, 225.Google Scholar

³¹ Sue, , Les Mystères, 707.Google Scholar

³² Ibid., 252.

³³ See the paintings and drawings of Daumier, who also contributed many illustrations to the ten-volume edition of Les Mystères de Paris.

³⁴ See Buret, Eugène, De la misère des classes laborieuses en Angleterre et en France, 2 vols. (Paris: Paulin, 1840)Google Scholar; Villermé, Louis René, Tableau de l'état physique et moral des ouvriers employés dans les manufactures de coton, de laine et de soie, 2 vols. (Paris: Renouard, 1840)Google Scholar; Frégier, Honoré-Antoine, Des classes dangereuses dans la population des grandes villes, 2 vols. (Paris: Baillière, 1840).Google Scholar Frégier was a police official, and Sue acknowledges the accuracy of his studies of the dangerous class (Les Mystères, 874n), but tries to counteract his contention that many workers were driven by their very natures into this class (Des classes dangereuses, I, 8Google Scholar). On working-class speech patterns, see Bruneau, Charles, Petite histoire de la langue française, 2 vols. (Paris: Colin, 1955)Google Scholar; and Bauche, Henri, Le Langage populaire (Paris: Payot, 1946).Google Scholar The laboring poor developed their first ideological consensus only during the Second Republic; see Merriman, John M., The Agony of the Republic. The Repression of the Left in Revolutionary France, 1848–1851 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), xxiv.Google Scholar

³⁵ Sue, , Les Mystères, 50.Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid., 294.

³⁷ Ibid., 288.

³⁸ Ibid., 108.

³⁹ Ibid., 124.

⁴⁰ See the parable in ibid., 215–16.

⁴¹ See ibid., 114–11 for the chapter, “La Banque des Pauvres.”

⁴² Marx, and Engels, , The Holy Family, 261–63.Google Scholar

⁴³ See Sue, , Les Mystères, 679–85 for the chapter, “La Force.”Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ibid., 708–11.

⁴⁵ ibid., 681.

⁴⁶ Journal des Economistes, 2 (1842)Google Scholar, cited in Foucault, , Discipline and Punish, 238.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Sue, , Les Mystères, 681.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ibid., 494.

⁴⁹ Ibid., 473.

⁵⁰ Ibid., 494.

⁵¹ Sperber, Dan says the same thing vis-à-vis Balzac in Le Symbolisme en général (Paris: Hermann, 1974), 102.Google Scholar

⁵² Sue, , Les Myslères, 578.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid.