Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T13:51:48.471Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Neuroreceptor Imaging of Stress and Mood Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Abstract

Techniques such as positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography allow for the imaging of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters in the brain. These tools have been used to investigate serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opioidergic function in healthy subjects as well as in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders. Pharmacologic challenges, such as amphetamine challenge, and physiologic stressors, such as pain challenge, have been used to further examine the function of these neurotransmitter systems. Neuroimaging of patient populations before and after medication treatment may be useful to understand changes in neurotransmission that accompany disease remission. As new radiotracers with higher selectivity for the various receptors and transporters are developed, imaging techniques may provide new insights into the pathophysiolagy of mood disorders, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Fox, PT, Raichle, ME. Stimulus rate dependence of regional cerebral blood flow in human striate cortex, demonstrated by positron emission tomography. J Neurophysiol. 1984;51:11091120.Google Scholar
2. Kadekaro, M, Crane, AM, Sokoloff L Differential effects of electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve on metabolic activity in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:60106013.Google Scholar
3. George, MS, Ketter, TA, Parekh, PI, Horwitz, B, Herscovitch, P, Post, RM. Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:341351.Google Scholar
4. Adolphs, R, Damasio, H, Tranel, D, Damasio, AR. Cortical systems for the recognition of emotion in facial expressions. J Neurosci. 1996;16:76787687.Google Scholar
5. Breiter, HC, Etcoff, NL, Whalen, PJ, et al. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron. 1996;17:875887.Google Scholar
6. Morris, JS, Friston, KJ, Büchel, C, et al. A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain. 1998;121:4757.Google Scholar
7. Taylor, SF, Liberzon, I, Fig, LM, Decker, LR, Minoshima, S, Koeppe, RA. The effect of emotional content on visual recognition memory: a PET activation study. Neuroimage. 1998;8:188197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Davidson, R, Irwin, W. The functional neuroatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends Cognit Sci. 1999;3:1121.Google Scholar
9. Mayberg, HS, Liotti, M, Brannan, SK, et al. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:675682.Google Scholar
10. Calder, A, Lawrence, A, Young, A. Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:352363.Google Scholar
11. Phan, KL, Taylor, SF, Welsh, RC, et al. Activation of the medial prefrontal cortex and extended amygdala by individual ratings of emotional arousal: a fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:211215.Google Scholar
12. Bench, CJ, Frackowiak, RS, Dolan, RJ. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow on recovery from depression. Psychol Med. 1995;25:247261.Google Scholar
13. Sheline, YI, Wang, PW, Gado, MH, Csernansky, JG, Vannier, MW. Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:39083913.Google Scholar
14. Drevets, WC, Price, JL, Simpson, JR Jr, et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature. 1997;386:824827.Google ScholarPubMed
15. Mayberg, HS. Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J Neuro psychiarry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:471481.Google Scholar
16. Drevets, WC, Frank, E, Price, JC, et al. PET imaging of serotonin 1A receptor binding in depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:13751387.Google Scholar
17. Sargent, PA, Kjaer, KH, Bench, CJ, et al. Brain serotoninlA receptor binding measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:174180.Google Scholar
18. Cidis Meltzer, C, Drevets, WC, Price, JC, et al. Gender-specific aging effects on the serotonin 1A receptor. Brain Res. 2001;895:917.Google Scholar
19. Biver, F, Goldman, S, Luxen, A, et al. Multicompartmental study of fluorine-18 altanserin binding to brain 5HT2 receptors in humans using positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1994;21:937946.Google Scholar
20. Sadzot, B, Lemaire, C, Maquet, P, et al. Serotonin 5HT2 receptor imaging in the human brain using positron emission tomography and a new radioligand, [18F]altanserin: results in young normal controls. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1995;15:787797.Google Scholar
21. Shiue, CY, Shiue, GG, Mozley, PD, et al. P-[18F]-MPPF: a potential radioligand for PET studies of 5-HT1A receptors in humans. Synapse. 1997;25:147154.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Costes, N, Merlet, I, Zimmer, L, et al. Modeling [18 F]MPPF positron emission tomography kinetics for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine(lA) receptor concentration with multiinjection. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002;22:753765.Google Scholar
23. D'Haenen, H, Bossuyt, A, Mertens, J, Bossuyt-Piron, C, Gijsemans, M, Kaufman, L. SPECT imaging of serotonin2 receptors in depression. Psychiatry Res. 1992;45:227237.Google Scholar
24. Versijpt, J, Van Laere, KJ, Dumont, F, et al. Imaging of the 5-HT2A system: age-, gender-, and Alzheimer's disease-related findings. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:553561.Google Scholar
25. Zanardi, R, Artigas, F, Moresco, R, et al. Increased 5-hydroxytryptamine-2 receptor binding in the frontal cortex of depressed patients responding to paroxetine treatment: a positron emission tomography scan study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:5358.Google Scholar
26. Yatham, LN, Liddle, PF, Shiah, IS, et al. Brain serotonin 2 receptors in major depression. A positron emission tomography study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:850858.Google Scholar
27. Yatham, LN, Liddle, PF, Dennie, J, et al. Decrease in brain serotonin 2 receptor binding in patients with major depression following desipramine treatment: a positron emission tomography study with fluorine-18-labeled setoperone. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56:705711.Google Scholar
28. Attar-Lévy, D, Martinot, JL, Blin, J, et al. The cortical serotonin2 receptors studied with positron-emission tomography and [18F]-setoperone during depressive illness and antidepressant treatment with clomipramine. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:180186.Google Scholar
29. Meyer, JH, Kapur, S, Houle, S, et al. Prefrontal cortex 5-HT2 receptors in depression: an [18F]setoperone PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:10291034.Google Scholar
30. Meyer, JH, Kapur, S, Eisfeld, B, et al. The effect of paroxetine on 5-HT(2A) receptors in depression: an [(18)F]setoperone PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:7885.Google Scholar
31. Pearlson, GD, Wong, DF, Tune, LE, et al. In vivo D2 dopamine receptor density in psychotic and nonpsychotic patients with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:471477.Google Scholar
32. Farde, L, Hall, H, Ehrin, E, Sedvall, G. Quantitative analysis of D2 dopamine receptor binding in the living human brain by PET. Science. 1986;231:258261.Google Scholar
33. Volkow, ND, Wang, GJ, Fowler, JS, et al. Imaging endogenous dopamine competition with [1lC]raclopride in the human brain. Synapse. 1994;16:255262.Google Scholar
34. Mukherjee, J, Christian, BT, Narayanan, TK, Shi, B, Mantil, J. Evaluation of dopamine D-2 receptor occupancy by clozapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in vivo in the rodent and nonhuman primate brain using 18F-fallypride. Neumpsychopharmacology. 2001;25:476488.Google Scholar
35. Farde, L, Nordstrom, AL, Halldin, C, Wiesel, FA, Sedvall, G. PET studies of dopamine receptors in relation to antipsychotic drug treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992;15(suppl 1 pt A):468A469A.Google Scholar
36. Hirvonen, J, Nagren, K, Kajander, J, Hietala, J. Measurement of cortical dopamine dl receptor binding with 11C[SCH23390]: a test-retest analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21:11331145.Google Scholar
37. Larisch, R, Klimke, A, Vosberg, H, et al. In vivo evidence for the involvement of dopamine-D2 receptors in striatum and anterior cingulate gyrus in major depression. Neuroimage. 1997;5:251260.Google Scholar
38. Anand, A, Verhoeff, P, Seneca, N, et al. Brain SPECT imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:11081114.Google Scholar
39. Parsey, RV, Oquendo, MA, Zea-Ponce, Y, et al. Dopamine D(2) receptor availability and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in unipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:313322.Google Scholar
40. Laruelle, M, van Dyck, C, Abi-Dargham, A, et al. Compartmental modeling of iodine-123-iodobenzofuran binding to dopamine D2 receptors in healthy subjects. J Nucl Med. 1994;35:743754.Google Scholar
41. Ichimiya, T, Suhara, T, Sudo, Y, et al. Serotonin transporter binding in patients with mood disorders: a PET study with [HC](+)McN5652. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:715722.Google Scholar
42. Meyer, JH, Wilson, AA, Ginovart, N, et al. Occupancy of serotonin transporters by paroxetine and citalopram during treatment of depression: a [(11)C]DASB PET imaging study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:18431849.Google Scholar
43. Bergstrom, KA, Halldin, C, Hall, H, Lundkvist, C, Ginovart, N, Swahn, CG, Farde, L. In vitro and in vivo characterisation of nor-beta-CIT: a potential radioligand for visualisation of the serotonin transporter in the brain. Eur J Nucl Med. 1997;24:596601.Google Scholar
44. Malison, RT, Price, LH, Berman, R, et al. Reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in major depression as measured by [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:10901098.Google Scholar
45. Nurmi, E, Bergman, J, Eskola, O, et al. Progression of dopaminergic hypo-function in striatal subregions in Parkinson's disease using [18F]CFT PET. Synapse. 2003;48:109115.Google Scholar
46. Fowler, JS, Volkow, ND, Wang, GJ, Gatley, SJ, Logan, J. [(11)]Cocaine: PET studies of cocaine pharmacokinetics, dopamine transporter availability and dopamine transporter occupancy. Nucl Med Biol. 2001;28:561572.Google Scholar
47. Farde, L, Halldin, C, Muller, L, Suhara, T, Karlsson, P, Hall, H. PET study of [HC]beta-CIT binding to monoamine transporters in the monkey and human brain. Synapse. 1994;16:93103.Google Scholar
48. Davis, MR, Votaw, JR, Bremner, JD, et al. Initial human PET imaging studies with the dopamine transporter ligand 18F-FECNT. J Nucl Med. 2003;44:855861.Google Scholar
49. Ribeiro, MJ, Vidailhet, M, Loc'h, C, Dupel, C, Nguyen, JP, Ponchant, M, Dolle, F, Peschanski, M, Hantraye, P, Cesaro, P, Samson, Y, Remy, P. Dopaminergic function and dopamine transporter binding assessed with positron emission tomography in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:580586.Google Scholar
50. Martinot, M, Bragulat, V, Artiges, E, et al. Decreased presynaptic dopamine function in the left caudate of depressed patients with affective flattening and psychomotor retardation. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:314316.Google Scholar
51. Yatham, LN, Liddle, PF, Shiah, IS, et al. PET study of [(18)F]6-fluoro-L-dopa uptake in neuroleptic- and mood-stabilizer-naive first-episode nonpsychotic mania: effects of treatment with divalproex sodium. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:768774.Google Scholar
52. Yatham, LN, Liddle, PF, Lam, RW, et al. PET study of the effects of valproate on dopamine D(2) receptors in neuroleptic- and mood-stabilizer-naive patients with nonpsychotic mania. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:17181723.Google Scholar
53. Nishizawa, S, Benkelfat, C, Young, SN, et al. Differences between males and females in rates of serotonin synthesis in human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:53085313.Google Scholar
54. Frey, KA, Koeppe, RA, Kilbourn, MR, et al. Presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles in Parkinson's disease and normal aging. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:873884.Google Scholar
55. Zubieta, JK, Smith, YR, Bueller, JA, et al. Regional mu-opioid receptor regulation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Science. 2001;293:311315.Google Scholar
56. Zubieta, JK, Smith, YR, Bueller, JA, et al. mu-opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive responses differ in men and women. J Neurosci. 2002;22:51005107.Google Scholar
57. Zubieta, JK, Heitzeg, MM, Smith, YR, et al. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. Science. 2003;299:12401243.Google Scholar
58. Liberzon, I, Zubieta, JK, Fig, LM, et al. mu-Opioid receptors and limbic responses to aversive emotional stimuli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:70847089.Google Scholar
59. Jones, AK, Cunningham, VJ, Ha-Kawa, S, et al. Changes in central opioid receptor binding in relation to inflammation and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33:909916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60. Kling, MA, Carson, RE, Borg, L, et al. Opioid receptor imaging with positron emission tomography and [(18)F]cyclofoxy in long-term, methadone-treated former heroin addicts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;295:10701076.Google Scholar
61. Savic, I, Persson, A, Roland, P, Pauli, S, Sedvall, G, Widen, L. In-vivo demonstration of reduced benzodiazepine receptor binding in human epileptic foci. Lancet. 1988;2:863866.Google Scholar
62. Chugani, DC, Muzik, O, Juhasz, C, Janisse, JJ, Ager, J, Chugani, HT. Postnatal maturation of human GABAA receptors measured with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:618626.Google Scholar
63. Beer, HF, Blauenstein, PA, Hasler, PH, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of iodine-123-Ro 16-0154: a new imaging agent for SPECT investigations of benzodiazepine receptors. J Nucl Med. 1990;31:10071014.Google Scholar
64. Innis, RB, al-Tikriti, MS, Zoghbi, SS, Baldwin, RM, Sybirska, EH, Laruelle, MA, Malison, RT, Seibyl, JP, Zimmermann, RC, Johnson, EW, et al. SPECT imaging of the benzodiazepine receptor: feasibility of in vivo potency measurements from stepwise displacement curves. J Nucl Med. 1991;32:17541761.Google Scholar
65. Kumlien, E, Hartvig, P, Valind, S, Oye, I, Tedroff, J, Langstrom, B. NMDA-receptor activity visualized with (S)-[N-methyl-11C]ketamine and positron emission tomography in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1999;40:3037.Google Scholar
66. Zubieta, JK, Koeppe, RA, Mulholland, GK, Kuhl, DE, Frey, KA. Quantification of muscarinic cholinergic receptors with [11C[NMPB and positron emission tomography: method development and differentiation of tracer delivery from receptor binding. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1998;18:619631.Google Scholar
67. Staley, JK, Malison, RT, Innis, RB. Imaging of the serotonergic system: interactions of neuroanatomical and functional abnormalities of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44:534549.Google Scholar
68. Ressler, KJ, Nemeroff, CB. Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12(suppl 1):219.Google Scholar
69. Middlemiss, DN, Price, GW, Watson, JM. Serotonergic targets in depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2002;2:1822.Google Scholar
70. Azmitia, E, Whitaker-Azmitia, P. Awakening the sleeping giant: anatomy and plasticity of the brain serotonergic system. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(suppl 12):416.Google Scholar
71. Cowen, PJ, Power, AC, Ware, CJ, Anderson, IM. 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity in major depression: a neuroendocrine study with buspirone. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164:372379.Google Scholar
72. Meltzer, HY, Maes, M. Effects of ipsapirone on plasma cortisol and body temperature in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:450457.Google Scholar
73. Lopez, JF, Chalmers, DT, Little, KY, et al. Regulation of serotoninlA, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus: implications for the neurobiology of depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:547573.Google Scholar
74. Bowen, DM, Najlerahim, A, Procter, AW, et al. Circumscribed changes of the cerebral cortex in neuropsychiatric disorders of later life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:95049508.Google Scholar
75. Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:5662.Google Scholar
76. Klimek, V, Schenck, JE, Han, H, et al. Dopaminergic abnormalities in amyg-daloid nuclei in major depression: a postmortem study. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:740748.Google Scholar
77. Tremblay, LK, Naranjo, CA, Cardenas, L, Herman, N, Busto, NE. Probing brain reward system function in major depressive disorder: altered response to dextroamphetamine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:409416.Google Scholar
78. Klimke, A, Larisch, R, Janz, A, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor binding before and after treatment of major depression measured by [123I]IBZM SPECT. Psychiatry Res. 1999;90:91101.Google Scholar
79. Ebert, D, Feistel, H, Loew, T, et al. Dopamine and depression-striatal dopamine D2 receptor SPECT before and after antidepressant therapy. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996;126:9194.Google Scholar
80. Zubieta, JK, Huguelet, P, Ohl, LE, et al. High vesicular monoamine transporter binding in asymptomatic bipolar I disorder: sex differences and cognitive correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:16191628.Google Scholar