Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T07:39:14.563Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Activation of kaolin with minimum solvent consumption by microwave heating

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

R. Z. Al Bakain ,
Y. S. Al-Degs ,
A. A. Issa ,
S. Abdul Jawad ,
K. A. Abu Safieh  and
M. A. Al-Ghouti
R. Z. Al Bakain
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 11942, Amman, Jordan
Y. S. Al-Degs
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
A. A. Issa
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
S. Abdul Jawad
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan
K. A. Abu Safieh
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
M. A. Al-Ghouti*
Affiliation:
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, State of Qatar
*
*E-mail: Mohammad.alghouti@qu.edu.qa
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A kaolin clay was activated with 1.0 M H2SO4 solution at minimum liquid to solid ratio (L/S) using microwave heating. The optimum experimental conditions for activation were L/S ratio 3.0 mL 1 M H2SO4 per gram kaolin, microwave input power 500–600 W, and heating time 5–10 min. Activation at L/S < 3.0 mL/g using 1.0 M H2SO4 was not efficient, indicating the influence of solvent for absorbing microwaves more intensively and thus improving activation. Significant physicochemical changes were observed by the proposed procedure with smaller volumes of activator compared to the conventional heating method. Microwave input power and heating time have a strong influence on the quality of the final material; activation at high input power (>700 W) and longer heating times (>10 min.) are not recommended since they cause dissolution of kaolinite structure. Microwave-heated kaolin manifested better adsorption for tartrazine dye due to improvements in textural and chemical properties of kaolinite. Moreover, irradiation of used kaolinite has significantly improved dye desorption, increasing the importance of microwaves in regeneration/recycling studies. Detailed dielectric measurements of kaolin-acid mixtures recorded at frequencies much lower than 2.45 GHz revealed that absorption of radiation is highly dependent on the activator solution in the mixture. For 3.0 mL/g mixtures, high dielectric constant ε’ 5223, dielectric loss factor ε” 5083, tangent loss tan d 1.30, penetration depth dp 0.57 cm at (103 Hz), and AC-conductivity σ 0.032 Om–1 were determined at 105 Hz. Filling the pores of kaolin by acid solution increased the microwave absorption and hence de-alumination of kaolinite.

Keywords

kaoliniteacid activationmicrowave heatingdielectric propertiessurface characterization
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , December 2014 , pp. 667 - 681
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdul Jawad, S., Abu-Surrah, A., Maghrabi, M. & Khattari, Z. (2011) Electric impedance study of elastic alternating propylene carbon monoxide copolymer (PCO-200). Physica B. Condensed Matter, 406, 2565–2569.Google Scholar
Adam, S.F. (1969) Microwave Theory and Applications, Prentice Hall Press.Google Scholar
Al-Degs, Y.S., El-Barghouthi, M.I., El-Sheikh, A.H. & Walker, G.M. (2008) Effect of solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature on adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on activated carbon. Dyes and Pigments, 77, 17–26.Google Scholar
Al-Degs, Y.S., El-Barghouthi, M.I., El-Sheikh, A.H. & Walker, G.M. (2008) Effect of solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature on adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on activated carbon. Dyes and Pigments, 77, 17–26.Google Scholar
Al-Harahsheh, M., Shawabkeh, R., Al-Harahsheh, A., Tarawneh, K. & Batiha, M. (2009) Surface modification and characterization of Jordanian kaolinite: Application for lead removal from aqueous solutions. Applied Surface Science, 255, 8098–8103.Google Scholar
Atwater, J.E. & Wheeler, R.R. (2003) Complex permittivities and dielectric relaxation of granular activated carbons at microwave frequencies between 0.2 and 26 GHz. Carbon, 41, 1801–1807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, E.P., Joyner, L.G. & Halenda, P.P. (1951) The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms. Journal of American Chemical Society, 73, 373–380.Google Scholar
Belver, C., Ban˜ares Mun˜oz, M.A. & Vincente, M.A. (2002) Chemical Activation of a kaolinite under acid and alkaline conditions. Chemistry of Materials, 14, 2033–2043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, H.P. (1994) Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons. Carbon, 32, 759–769.Google Scholar
Carrott, P.J.M., Nabais, J.M.V., Ribeiro Carrott, M.M.L. & Menéndez, J.A. (2001) Thermal treatments of activated carbon fibres using a microwave furnace, Microporous & Mesoporous Materials, 47, 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellano, M., Turturro, A., Riani, P., Montanari, T., Finocchio, E., Ramis, G. & Busca, G. (2010) Bulk and surface properties of commercial kaolins. Applied Clay Science, 48, 446–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E. (2011) Industrial Clays. EMU Notes in Mineralogy, 9, Chapter 9, 341–414.Google Scholar
De Sales, P.F., Magriotis, Z.M., Rossi, M.A., Tartuci, L.G., Papini, R.M. & Viana, P.R. (2013) Study of chemical and thermal treatment of kaolinite and its influence on the removal of contaminants from mining effluents. Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 480–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dudkin, B.N., Loukhina, I.V., Avvakumov, E.G. & Isupov, V.P. (2004) Application of mechnochemical treatment of disintegration of kaolinite with sulphuric acid, Chemistry for Sustainable Development, 12, 327–330.Google Scholar
Esmer, K. (2004) Electrical conductivity and dielectric behavior of modified sepiolite clay. Applied Clay Science, 25, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foo, K.Y. & Hameed, B.H. (2012) A rapid regeneration of methylene blue dye-loaded activated carbons with microwave heating. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 98, 123–128.Google Scholar
Franca, A.S., Oliveira, L.S., Nunes, A.A. & Alves, C.C.O. (2010) Microwave assisted thermal treatment of defective coffee beans press cake for the production of adsorbents. Bioresource Technology, 101, 1068–1074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregg, K.S.S. (1982) Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity. 2nd edition, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E. (1953) Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, London.Google Scholar
Guo, J. & Lua, A.C. (2000) Preparation of activated carbons from oil-palm-stone chars by microwaveinduced carbon dioxide activation. Carbon, 38, 1985–1993.Google Scholar
GÜzel, F. & Tez, Z. (1993) The characterization of the micropore structures of some activated carbons of plant origin by N. and CO2 adsorptions. Separation Science and Technology, 28, 1609–1627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haghseresht, F. & Lu, G.Q. (1998) Adsorption characteristics of phenolic compounds onto coal-rejectderived adsorbents. Energy & Fuels, 12, 1100–1107.Google Scholar
Horváth, E., Frost, R.L., Makό, E., Kristό f, J. & Cseh, T. (2003) Thermal treatment of mechanochemically activated kaolinite. Thermochimica Acta, 404, 227–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horváth, E., Kristόf, J., Frost, R.L., Jakab, E., Makό, E. & Vágvölgyi, V. (2005) Identification of superactive centers in thermally treated formamide-intercalated kaolinite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 289, 132–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoseinzadeh Hesas, R., Wan Daud, W.A., Sahu JN. & Arami-Niya, A. (2013) The effects of a microwave heating method on the production of activated carbon from agricultural waste: A review. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 100, 1–11.Google Scholar
Jahangiri, M., Javad, A., Shahtaheri, S. J, Rashidi, A., Ghorbanali, A., Kakooe, H., Rahimi Forushani, A. & Reza Ganjali, M. (2013) Preparation of a new adsorbent from activated carbon and carbon nanofiber (AC/CNF) for manufacturing organic-vapour respirator cartridge. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 10, 1–8.Google Scholar
Kappe, C.O., Stadler, A. & Dallinger, D. (2005) Microwaves in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, 2ed edition. Wiley V.H., Weinheim.Google Scholar
Korichi, S., Elias, A. & Mefti, A. (2009) Characterization of smectite after acid activation with microwave irradiation. Applied Clay Science, 42, 432–438.Google Scholar
Korichi, S., Elias, A., Mefti, A. & Bensmaili, A. (2012) The effect of microwave irradiation and conventional acid activation on the textural properties of smectite: Comparative study. Applied Clay Science, 59-60, 76–83.Google Scholar
Kumar, K.V., Valenzuela-Calahorro, C., Juarez, J.M., Molina-Sabio, M., Silvestre-Albero, J. & Rodriguez- Reinoso, F. (2010) Hybrid isotherms for adsorption and capillary condensation of N. at 77K on porous and non-porous materials. Chemical Engineering Journal, 162, 424–429.Google Scholar
Leluk, K., Orzechowski, K., Jerie, K., Baranowski, A., Słonka, T. & Głowiński, J. (2010) Dielectric permittivity of kaolinite heated to high temperatures. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 71, 827–831.Google Scholar
Li, J., Zhu, L. & Cai, W. (2006) Microwave enhancedsorption of dyestuffs to dual-cation organobentonites from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 136, 251–257.Google Scholar
Magee, T.R.A., McMinn, W.A.M., Farrell, G., Topley, L., Al-Degs, Y.S., Walker, G.M. & Khraisheh, M., (2013) Moisture and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties of pharmaceutical powders. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 111, 2157–2164.Google Scholar
Makό, E., Senkár, Z., Kristό f, J. & Vágvölgyi, V. (2006) Surface modification of mechanochemically activated kaolinites by selective leaching. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 294, 362–370.Google Scholar
Melo, D.D., de Carvalho Costa, T.C., de Medeiros, A.M. & Paskocimas, C.A. (2010) Effects of thermal and chemical treatments on physical properties of kaolinite. Ceramics International, 36, 33–38.Google Scholar
Menendez, J., Menendez, E., Garcia, A., Parra, J. & Pis, J. (1999) Thermal treatment of active carbons: A comparison between microwave and electrical heati n g. Journ a l o f Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, 34, 137–143.Google Scholar
Michot, A., Smith, D.S., Degot, S. & Gault, C. (2008) Thermal conductivity and specific heat of kaolinite: Evolution with thermal treatment. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 28, 2639–2644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mijović, J. & Wijaya, J. (1990) Review of cure of polymers and composites by microwave energy. Polymer Composites, 11, 184–191.Google Scholar
Mudgett, R.E. (1986) Microwave properties and heating characteristics of foods. Food Technology, 40, 84–93.Google Scholar
Nabais, J.M., Carrott, P.J.M., Ribeiro Carrott, M.M.L. & Menéndez, J.A. (2004) Preparation and modification of activated carbon fibres by microwave heating. Carbon, 42, 1315–1320.Google Scholar
Nelson, S.O. (1994) Measurement of microwave di-electric properties of particulate materials. Journal of Food Engineering. 21, 365–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, S.O. & Bartley, P.G. (1998) Open-ended coaxialline permittivity measurements on pulverized materials. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine, 47, 133–137.Google Scholar
Nguetnkam, J.P., Kamga, R., Villiéras, F., Ekodeck, G.E., Razafitianamaharavo, A. & Yvon, J. (2005) Assessment of the surface areas of silica and clay in acid-leached clay materials using concepts of adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 289, 104–115.Google Scholar
Nkoumbou, C., Njoya, A., Njoya, D., Grosbois, C., Njopwouo, D., Yvon, J. & Martin, F. (2009) Kaolin from Mayouom (Western Cameroon): Industrial suitability evaluation. Applied Clay Science, 43, 118–124.Google Scholar
Panda, A.K., Mishra, B.G., Mishra, D.K. & Singh, R.K. (2010) Effect of sulphuric acid treatment on the physico-chemical characteristics of kaolin clay. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 363, 98–104.Google Scholar
Pérez-Urquiza, M. & Beltrán, J.L. (2001) Determination of the dissociation constants of sulfonated azo dyes by capillary zone electrophoresis and spectrophotometry methods, Journal of Chromatography A. 917, 331–336.Google Scholar
Plançon, A., Giese, R.F. & Snyder, R. (1988) The Hinckley Index for Kaolinites. Clay Minerals, 23, 249–260.Google Scholar
Reˆgo, T.V., Cadaval, T.R.S., Dotto, G.L. & Pinto, L.A.A. (2013) Statistical optimization, interaction analysis and desorption studies for the azo dyes adsorption onto chitosan films. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 411, 27–33.Google Scholar
Saarenketo, T. (1998) Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 40, 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sengwa, R.J. & Soni, A. (2008) Dielectric properties of some minerals of western Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Radio Space Physics, 37, 57–63.Google Scholar
Tan, K.H. (1995) Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.Google Scholar
Temuujin, J., Burmaa, G., Amgalan, J., Okada, K., Jadambaa, T.S. & MacKenzie, K.J.D. (2001) Preparation of porous silica from mechanically activated kaolinite. Journal of Porous Materials, 8, 233–238.Google Scholar
Thostenson, E.T. & Chou, T.W. (1999) Microwave processing: Fundamentals and applications. Composites Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing, 30, 1055–1071.Google Scholar
Walker, G.M., Andrews, G. & Jones, D. (2006) Effect of process parameters on the melt granulation of pharmaceutical powders. Powder Technology, 165, 161–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z., Qu, W., Peng, J., Zhang, L., Ma, X., Zhang, Z. & Li, W. (2009) Comparison between microwave and conventional thermal reactivations of spent activated carbon generated from vinyl acetate synthesis. Desalination, 249, 247–252.Google Scholar