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Political Factors in Movements toward Christian Unity in Seventeenth Century Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

J. Minton Batten
J. Minton Batten
Affiliation:
Scarritt College, Nashville, Tenn.
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Extract

Religious, political, and economic forces have given direction to the stream of modern history. Though all these forces operate in every age, each has exercised the major influence for a definite period of the modern era. Religious forces were dominant in the sixteenth century. Then religious values were regarded as of primary concern. The great thinkers on political and economic subjects usually based their ideas on religious principles. The major wars were Wars of Religion.

Type
Articles
Information
Church History , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 1943 , pp. 163 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1943

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References

1 Wright, Quincy, A Study of War (Chicago, 1942), 197, 724, 725.Google Scholar

2 Baxter, Richard, Universal Concord(London, 1660) title page.Google Scholar

3 Russell, F. M., Theories of International Relations (New York, 1936), 170Google Scholar. On the Grand Design, see also Schuman, , International Politics (New York, 1933), 234Google Scholar; and Wright, , A Study of War, 361, 432.Google Scholar

4 Russell, , op. cit., 63Google Scholar; Schuman, , op. cit., 234Google Scholar; Wright, , op cit., 430ff.Google Scholar

5 Quoted by Heicher, Hallock, in Modern World Polities (New York, 1942), 113.Google Scholar

6 Schuman, , op. cit., 76.Google Scholar

7 Russell, , op. cit., 174 ff.Google Scholar

8 McNeill, John T., Unitive Protestantism (New York, 1930), 133–254.Google Scholar

9 Accounts of the varied reunion attempts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are presented by such writers as Tabaraud, M., De La, Réunion des Communions Chrétiennes (Paris, 1808)Google Scholar; Hering, C. W., Geschichte der kirchlichen Unionsversuche seit der Reformation bis auf unsere Zeit (2 vols., Leipzig, 1836–1838)Google Scholar; Neudecker, C. G., Die Hauptversucke zur Pacification der Evangel—Protest. Kirche Deutschlands (Leipzig, 1846)Google Scholar; Schenkel, D., Der Unionsberuf des Evan gelischen Protestantismus (Heidelberg, 1855)Google Scholar; Brandes, F., Geschichte der evangelischen Union in Preussen (Bd. I, Gotha, 1872)Google Scholar; Sepp, C., Polemische en Irenische Theologie (Leyden, 1881)Google Scholar; Leube, H., Kalvinismus und Luthertum (Bd. I, Leipzig, 1928)Google Scholar; Slosser, G. J., Christian Unity, Its History and Challenge (New York, 1929)Google Scholar; MeNeill, J. T., Unitive Protestantism (New York, 1930).Google Scholar

10 Scholarly monographs on the reunion activities of some of these irenic leaders have been prepared: so, Friedrieh, Hans, Georg Calixtus der Unionsmann der 17. Jahrhunderts (Anklam, 1891)Google Scholar; Spinka, Matthew, John Amos Comenius, That Incomparable Moravian (Chicago, 1943)Google Scholar; and Jordan, G. J., The Reunion of the Churches, A Study of G. W. Leibnitz and His Great Attempt (London, 1927).Google Scholar

11 Among the more important irenic works of the seventeenth century the following should be noted: Andreae, John Valentine, Fama Fraternitatis (circulating in manuscript by 1610, published 1614)Google Scholar; Pareus, David, Irenicum de unione et synodo Evangelicorum concilianda (1614)Google Scholar; Forbes, William, Considerations modestae et pacificae controversiarum de justification, purgatorio, invocations sanctorum Christo mediatore et Eucharistia (published posthumously at London, 1658, at Helmstadt, 1704)Google Scholar; Forbes, John, Irenicum amatoribus veritatis et pacis in Ecclesia Scoticana (1629)Google Scholar; Davenant, John, An Exhortation to Brotherly Communion Betwixt the Protestant Churches (1641)Google Scholar; Grotius, Hugo, Via ad pacem ecclesiasticam (1642)Google Scholar; Votum pro pace ecclesiastica (1642)Google Scholar; Comenius, John Amos, De Vissidentium in rebus fidei Christianorum Reconciliatione Hypomnemata quaedam amici ad amicitm (1643)Google Scholar; Christianismus reconciliabilis reconciliatore Christo (1646)Google Scholar; Calixtus, George, Judicium de controversiis theologicis quae inter Lutheranos et Reformatos agitantur, et de mutua partium fraternitate atque tolerantiae propter consensum in fundamentis (1650)Google Scholar; Matthias, John, Samus Olivae Septentrionales (1656)Google Scholar; Baxter, Richard, Universal Concord (1660)Google Scholar; Stillingfleet, Edward, Irenicum A Weapon Salve for the Churches Wounds (1661)Google Scholar; Owen, John, Union Among Protestants (1680)Google Scholar; Molanus, Gerhard, Regula circa Christianorum omnium ecclesiasticam (1691)Google Scholar; and the numerous works on Christian reunion by John Dury, 1629–1677.

12 See Westin, Gunnar, Negotiations About Church Unity, 1628–1634 (Uppsala. 1932), 42 ff.Google Scholar