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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
No woman played the main role in the sixteenth-century Reformation in any country. But in Norway's Reformation Lady Inger of Austraat and two of her sons-in-law, Vincens Lunge and Nils Lykke, stand out as central and dramatic figures. Yet since Norway is a land that was then a backwater eddy in history, this Reformation tends to be overlooked. Thus historians have not recognized Lady Inger's important role.
1. The late Roland Bainton twice expressed to me oral regrets that he had not been aware of Lady Inger when he wrote his three-volume Women of the Reformation.
2. Koht, Halvdan, “Ingerd Ottesdatter,” Norsk biografisk leksikon, vol. 6 (Oslo, 1934), pp. 519–520.Google Scholar
3. Bull, Edvard, Vincens Lunge (Kristiania, 1917) p. 12;Google ScholarSteen, Sverre, “Vincens Lunge,” Norsk biografisk leksikon, vol. 8 (Oslo, 1938), pp. 531–532.Google Scholar
4. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, p.8;Google ScholarBenedictow, Ole Jørgen, Fra rike til provins, 1448–1536, vol.5, in Norges historie, ed. Mykland, Knut (Oslo, 1977), p. 368.Google Scholar
5. Steen, , “Vincens Lunge,” pp. 532–533;Google ScholarBenedictow, , Fra rike til provins, p. 369.Google Scholar
6. Benedictow, , Fra rike til provins, p. 369;Google ScholarSteen, , “Vincens Lunge,” pp. 533–534.Google Scholar
7. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, p. 55.Google Scholar
8. Koht, , “Ingerd Ottesdatter,” p. 521.Google Scholar
9. Daae, Ludwig, “Fru Inger Ottesdatter og hendes Doetre,” Historisk tidsskrift 3 (1875): 245, 274.Google Scholar
10. Petersen, Erling Ladewig, “Frederik I, Tyge Krabbe og Vincens Lunge,” Historisk tidsskrift 51 (1972): 101–111.Google Scholar
11. Steen, , “Vincens Lunge,” p. 534Google Scholar, gives a good account of the Dal Junker affair.
12. Petersen, , “Frederik I,” p. 132.Google Scholar
13. Steen, , “Vincens Lunge,” pp. 534–535;Google ScholarBull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 53, 81;Google ScholarDaae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 282–284.Google Scholar
14. Petersen, , “Frederik I,” p. 142.Google Scholar
15. Diplomatarium norvegicum, 21 vols. (Christiania, 1849–1915), 9: 537–539.Google Scholar
16. Ibid., 5: 771–773.
17. Ibid., 9: 627–628.
18. Ibid., 9: 639–640.
19. Ibid., 8: 674–677.
20. Wisløff, Carl F., Norsk kirkehistorie, 3 vols. (Oslo, 1966), 1: 398.Google Scholar
21. I have seen no other historian who has come to this conclusion—or who has assembled all the fragmentary evidence as in my pattern above. Wisløff, , Norsk kirkehistorie, pp. 393–394Google Scholar, mentions many of the items I list, but does not specifically observe that so many of the Lutheran beginnings occur in the lands owned or controlled by Lady Inger's family, nor that when occurrring in far-flung areas, these often isolated beginnings find their only explanatory connection in that family tie. As I have assembled it, the evidence warrants my conclusion.
22. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, p. 76;Google ScholarSteen, , “Vincens Lunge,” p. 535.Google Scholar
23. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, p. 76.Google Scholar
24. Ibid., p. 75.
25. Ibid., pp. 75–76.
26. Petersen, , “Frederik I,” p. 133.Google Scholar
27. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 292–293;Google ScholarBull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 84–86;Google ScholarBergsgaard, Arne, “Olav Engelbriktson, 1523–1527,” in Nidaros erkebispestol og bispesete, 1153–1953 (Oslo, 1955), pp. 548–549.Google Scholar
28. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, p. 87.Google Scholar
29. Ibid., p. 88.
30. Steen, , “Vincens Lunge,” p. 535.Google Scholar
31. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 301–302;Google ScholarWisløff, , Norsk Kirkehistorie, p. 373.Google Scholar
32. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 302–303;Google ScholarWisløff, , Norsk Kirkehistorie, pp. 373, 354.Google Scholar
33. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 91–92;Google ScholarDaae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 304–305.Google Scholar
34. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 93–94.Google Scholar
35. Ibid., pp. 95–96.
36. Named after Count Christopher of Oldenburg, the war need not be described further for this article's focus on Lady Inger's family, other than to say that this war further illustrates the mixture of motives in Reformation events. Count Christopher, though evangelical, was chosen by the nearby Lubeck merchants to lead their support for Catholic Christian II (who had often supported the growing middle class) to regain the throne so Lubeck could retain its Hanseatic economic hold over much of Denmark-Norway—a hold that had slipped during Frederik I's ten years of nationalizing and royal power-enhancing policy. In this case economic interests cut across religious lines. See Benedictow, , Fra rike til provins, pp. 421–422.Google Scholar
37. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 98–99;Google ScholarSteen, , “Vincens Lunge,” p. 536.Google Scholar
38. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 108–109,Google ScholarDaae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 318.Google Scholar
39. Diplomatorium norvegicum, 7: 50–51.
40. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 319Google Scholar, quotes an unprinted letter from Lunge that mentions this.
41. Ibid., p.319 Bull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 110–111.Google Scholar
42. Diplomatarium norvegicum 11: 686–687; Daae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 320.Google Scholar
43. Diplomatarium norvegicum 11: 687–688.
44. Ibid., 11: 691–694, 701–702; Daae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 322.Google Scholar
45. Diplomatarium norvegicum 11: 710–713; Daae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 328.Google Scholar
46. Diplomatarium norvegicum 11: 713–714; Daae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 328.Google Scholar
47. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 328–329.Google Scholar
48. Ibid., pp. 341–342; Bull, , Vincens Lunge, pp. 122–123.Google Scholar
49. Steen, , “Vincens Lunge,” p. 537;Google ScholarBull, , Vincens Lunge, p. 123;Google ScholarDaae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 332–340.Google Scholar The best short summary of the whole Lykke and Lucie affair and Lykke and Lunge's deaths is in Wisløff, , Norsk kirkehistorie, p. 400.Google Scholar
50. Bull, , Vincens Lunge, p. 125.Google Scholar
51. Koht, , “Ingerd Ottesdatter,” pp. 520–521;Google ScholarDaae, , “Fru Inger,” p. 344.Google Scholar
52. Diplomalarium norvegicum 5: 808–818; 6: 778–780, 783–784.
53. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 345, 355.Google Scholar
54. lbid., p. 347; Koht, , “Ingerd Ottesdatter,” p. 522.Google Scholar
55. Daae, , “Fru Inger,” pp. 361–363;Google ScholarKoht, , “Ingerd Ottesdatter,” p. 522.Google Scholar