Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-skm99 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T16:35:11.464Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

After ideology: The effectiveness of residential programs for ‘at risk’ adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 February 2016

Frank Ainsworth*
Affiliation:
Edith Cowan University, School of International, Cultural and Community Studies, Joondalup Campus, Perth, WA 6027. Email: f.ainsworth@cowan.edu.au

Abstract

This article reviews recent research evidence about the effectiveness of residential care, education and treatment programs, singularly referred to as treatment programs, for ‘at risk’ adolescents. This evidence is drawn from child welfare, mental health services and education studies. The national and international evidence is that foster care is in crisis and is unable to provide stable and continuous placements for many of our most difficult youth. It is time to reconsider residential alternatives. The research suggests that these alternatives are not ‘all bad’ and that they have an important place in the continuum of child and family services.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainsworth, F. 1985, ‘Residential programs for children and youth: An exercise in re-framing’, British Journal of Social Work, 15(1), pp. 145154.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, F. 1991, ‘The development of a residential program for adolescents’, The Child and Youth Care Administrator, 2(2), pp. 2124.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, F. 1996, ‘Group care workers as parent educators’, Child and Youth Care Forum, 25(1), pp. 1728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, F. 1997a, Review of the substitute care services provided by Boys’ Town at Engadine, Report for the New South Wales Department of Community Services, Sydney.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, F. 1997b, Family centred group care: Model building, Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, F. 1998, ‘The precarious state of residential child care in Australia’, Social Work Education, 17(3), pp. 301308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, F. 1999, ‘Social injustice for ‘at risk’ adolescents and their families’, Children Australia, 24(1), pp. 1418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 1998, Child protection Australia 1996–1997. Child Welfare Series No. 5, Canberra: Author.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 1999, Australia’s Welfare 1999, Canberra: Author.Google Scholar
Australian Law Reform Commission 1997, Seen and heard: Priority for children in the legal process, Sydney: Author.Google Scholar
Bath, H. 1994, ‘Out-of-home care of children in Australia: A state by state comparison’, Children Australia, 19(4), pp. 410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bath, H. 1997, ‘Recent trends in the out-of-home care of children in Australia’, Children Australia, 22(2), pp. 48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bath, H. 1991, Missing the mark: Contemporary out-of-home care services for young people with intensive support needs, Sydney, Association of Childrens Welfare Agencies.Google Scholar
Barton, R. 1959, Institutional Neurosis, London: Wright.Google Scholar
Bates, B.C., English, D.J. & Kouidou-Giles, S. 1997, ‘Residential treatment and its alternative: A review of the literature’, Child and Youth Care Forum, 26(10), pp. 749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beker, J. & Magnuson, D. 1996, Residential education as an option for at risk youth. New York: Haworth Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowlby, J. 1951, Child care and the growth of love, London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. 1978, Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. Attachment, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bullock, R., Little, M. & Millham, S. 1998, Secure treatment outcomes: The care careers of very difficult adolescents, Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Bullock, R. 1999, The Children Act 1948: Residential care, in Child Welfare in the UK, ed. Stevenson, O., Blackwell Science, Oxford.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 1997, Review of intensive out-of-home services, Sydney: Deakin Human Services for the Department of Community Services.Google Scholar
Community Services Commission 1996, The drift of children in care into the Juvenile Justice system, Sydney: Author Google Scholar
Community Services Commission 1999 The Ormond Centre - a complaint investigation into institutional care of children, Sydney: Author Google Scholar
Community Services Commission 2000, Substitute care in NSW. Forwards, backwards, standing still…, Sydney: Author Google Scholar
Curtis, P.A., Dale, O. & Kendall, J.D. 1999, The foster care crisis, Lincoln.NB: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Daly, D.L., Schmidt, M.D., Spellman, D. F., Criste, T.R., Dinges, K. & Teare, J.F. 1998, ‘The Boys Town Residential Treatment Center Treatment implementation and preliminary outcomes’, Child and Youth Care Forum, 27(4), pp. 267279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delfabbro, P., Barber, J.O. & Cooper, L. 2000, ‘Placement disruption and dislocation in South Australian substitute care’, Children Australia, 23(2), pp. 1620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Department of Health 1998, Caring for children away from home. Message from the research, Chichester. John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Fanshel, D., Finch, S.J. & Grundy, J.F. 1990, Foster children in life course perspective, New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, E. 1996, Significant harm. Unraveling child protection decisions and the substitute care careers of children, Aldershot: Avebury.Google Scholar
Forde, L. 1999, Report of the inquiry into the abuse of children in Queensland institutions, Brisbane: Department of Families, Youth and Community Care.Google Scholar
Friman, P.C., Osgood, D.W., Smith, O., Shanahan, D., Thompson, R.W., Larzelere, & Daly, D.L. 1996, ‘A longitudinal evaluation of prevalent negative beliefs about residential placement for troubled adolescents’, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24(3), pp. 299324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, I. & Sinclair, I. 1999, ‘Treatment and treatment outcomes in children’s homes’, Child and Family Social Work, 4(4), pp. 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, A. 1997, Orphans of the empire, Sydney: Millennium Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. 1961, Asylums, New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Halliday, D. & Darmody, J. 1999, Partners with families in crisis. Parent responses to a system of care, Richmond: Spectrum Publications.Google Scholar
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997, Bringing them home. National inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, Sydney: author.Google Scholar
Kahan, B. 1984, ‘The state of the art’, in Group care practice: The challenge of the next decade, ed Philpot, T., London: Business Press International.Google Scholar
Kahan, B. 1994, Growing up in groups, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Kapp, S.A., Schwartz, I. & Epstein, I. 1994, ‘Adult imprisonment of males released from residential childcare: a longitudinal study’, Residential Treatment of Children and Youth, 12(2), pp. 1936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karminsky, I. 1998, ‘An assessment of young men previously in residential treatment: In the past prologue?’, Residential Treatment for Children and Youth 16(2), pp. 6782.Google Scholar
Kutash, K. & Rivers, V.R. 1996, What works in children s mental health services. Uncovering answers to critical questions, Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes.Google Scholar
Levy, A. & Kahan, B. 1991, Thepindown experience and the protection of children, Stafford: Staffordshire County Council.Google Scholar
Levy, Z. 1996, ‘Conceptual foundation for developmentally oriented residential education. A holistic framework for group care that works’, in Residential education as an option for at risk youth, eds Beker, J. and Magnuson, D., New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Osgood, D.W. & Smith, O. 1995, ‘Applying hierarchical linear modelling to extended longitudinal evaluations. The Boys Town follow-up study’, Evaluation Review, 19(1), pp. 338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parmelee, D.X., Cohen, R., Nemil, M., Best, A.M., Cassell, S. & Dyson, F. 1995, ‘Children and adolescents discharged from public psychiatric hospitals: Evaluation of outcome in a continuum of care’, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 4(1), pp. 4355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeiffer, S.L. & Strzelecki, S. 1990, ‘Inpatient psychiatric treatment of children and adolescents: A review of outcome studies’,. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), pp. 847853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarantakos, S. 1998, Social Research (2nd. Edn.), Melbourne: Macmillian Education.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schohe, E.M. 1998, ‘Psychological risk characteristics of children in welfare programs in Holland. The role of risk-factor analysis in the planning of welfare services for children’, Childhood, 5(2), pp. 185205.Google Scholar
Scholte, E.M. & Van der Ploeg, J.V. 2000, ‘Exploring factors governing successful treatment of youngsters with serious behavioural difficulties. Findings from a longitudinal study in Holland’, Childhood, 7(2), pp. 129154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schub, A. & Caneda, C. 1997, ‘A case for residential schools for economically disadvantaged youth’, Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 14(4), pp. 114.Google Scholar
Shapiro, J.P., Welker, C.J. & Pierce, J.L. 1999, ‘An evaluation of residential treatment of youth with mental health and delinquency-related problems’, Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 17(2), pp. 3348.Google Scholar
Sinclair, I & Oibbs, I. 1998, Children’s homes: A study in diversity, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
US General Accounting Office 1994, Residential care: Some high risk youth benefit, but more study needed. (Available from the GAO, PO Box 6015, Gaithersberg, MD 20884–6015).Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Services 1997, National study of protective, preventative and reunification services delivered to children and their families, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Usher, J. 1992 A report to the Minister of Health and Community Services, the Hon. John Hannaford, MLC from the committee established to review substitute care services in NSW, Sydney: Department of Community Services.Google Scholar
Utting, W. 1997, People like us. The report of the review of the safeguards for children living away from home, London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Vaizey, J. 1959, Scenes from institutional life, London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar
Wagner, G. 1988, Residential care: A positive choice, London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, R. 2000, Lost in care: Report of the inquiry into Bryn Estyn, London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Whittaker, J.K. 1979, Caring for troubled children, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.Google Scholar
Whittaker, J.K. 2000a, ‘The future of residential group care’, Child Welfare, 79(1), pp. 5974.Google ScholarPubMed
Whittaker, J.K. 2000b, ‘Reinventing residential child care: An agenda for research and practice’, Residential Treatment of Children and Youth, 17(3), pp. 1330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, J.K., Tripodi, T. & Grasso, A.J. 1990Youth and family characteristics; treatment histories, and treatment outcomes; some preliminary findings from the Boysville research program’, Child and Family Services Review, 16(1), pp. 139153.Google Scholar
Winnicott, D.W. 1965, The family and individual development, London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Wise, S. 1999, The UK Looking after Children approach in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.Google Scholar