Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T15:45:55.940Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The current state of, and future prospects for, cardiac transplantation in children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2005

Steven A. Webber
Steven A. Webber
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

During the last two decades, several advances have resulted in marked improvement in medium-term survival, with excellent quality of life, in children undergoing cardiac transplantation. Improved outcomes reflect better selection of donors and recipients, increased surgical experience in transplantation for complex congenital heart disease, development of effective surveillance for rejection, and wider choice of immunosuppressive medications. Despite all of these advances, recipients continue to suffer from the adverse effects of non-specific immunosupression, including infections, induction of lymphoproliferative disorders and other malignancies, renal dysfunction, and other important end-organ toxicities. Furthermore, newer immunosuppressive regimes, thus far, appear to have had relatively little impact on the incidence of chronic rejection. Progress in our understanding of the immunologic mechanisms of rejection and graft acceptance should lead to more targeted immunosuppressive therapy and avoidance of non-specific immunosupression. The ultimate goal is to induce a state of tolerance, wherein the recipient will accept the allograft indefinitely, without the need for long-term immunusupression, and yet remain immuno-competent to all non-donor antigens. This quest is currently being realized in many animal models of solid organ transplantation, and offers great hope for the future.

Keywords

Heart transplantationcardiomyopathycongenital heart diseaseimmunosuppressionallograft tolerance
Type
Review
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , February 2003 , pp. 64 - 83
Copyright
© 2003 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kantrowitz A, Haller JD, Joos H, Cerruti MM, Carstensen HE. Transplantation of the heart in an infant and an adult. Am J Cardiol 1968; 22: 782–790.Google Scholar
Boucek MM, Edwards LB, Keck BM, Trulock EP, Taylor DO, Mohacsi PJ, Hertz MI. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Fifth official pediatric report-2001 to 2002. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21: 826–938.Google Scholar
Fricker FJ, Addonizio L, Bernstein D, Boucek M, Boucek R, Canter C, Chinnock R, Chin C, Kichuk M, Lamour J, Pietra B, Morrow R, Rotunda K, Shaddy R, Pahl-Schuette E, Schowengerdt KO, Sondheimer H, Webber SA. Heart Transplantation in Children: Indications. Pediatr Transplant 1999; 3: 333–342.Google Scholar
Chinnock R. Pediatric heart transplantation at Loma Linda: 1985–1996. Chapter 10, In: Cecka and Terasaki, (eds). Clinical Transplants 1996, UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA.
Jacobs ML, Blackstone EH, Bailey LL. Intermediate survival in neonates with aortic atresia: A multi-institutional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 116: 417–431.Google Scholar
Morrow WR, Naftel D, Chinnock R, Canter C, Boucek M, Zales V, McGiffin DC, Kirklin JK. Outcome of listing for heart transplantation in infants younger than six months: Predictors of death and interval to transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16: 1255–1266.Google Scholar
Canter CE, Moorhead S, Huddleston CB, Spray TL. Restrictive atrial communication as a determinant of outcome of cardiac transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation 1993; 88: II-456–II-460.Google Scholar
Ward KM, Canter CE, Webber SA, Chin C, Pahl E. Anthracycline cardiomyopathy and pediatric heart transplantation [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21: 64.Google Scholar
Morgan E, Pahl E. Early heart transplantation in a child with advanced lymphoma. Pediatr Transplantation 2002; In press.Google Scholar
Armitage JM, Fricker FJ, del Nido P, Starzl TE, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP. A decade (1982–1992) of pediatric cardiac transplantation and the impact of FK506 immunosuppression. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105: 464–472.Google Scholar
Wedemeyer H, Pethia K, Wagner D, Flemming P, Oppelt P, Petigold DR, Haverich A, Marms MP, Boeker KH. Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998; 66: 1347–1353.Google Scholar
Hosenpud JD, Pamidi SR, Fiol BS, Cinquegrani MP, Keck BM. Outcomes in patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen-positive before transplantation: An analysis and study using the joint ISHLT/UNOS thoracic registry. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19: 781–785.Google Scholar
Bouthot BA, Murthy BV, Schmid CH, Levey AS, Pereira BJ. Longterm follow-up of hepatitis C virus infection among organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997; 63: 849–853.Google Scholar
Fishman J, Rubin R, Koziel M, Periera B. Hepatitis C virus and organ transplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62: 147–154.Google Scholar
Webber SA. Fifteen Years of Pediatric Heart Transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh: Lessons Learned and Future Prospects. Pediatr Transplant 1997; 1: 8–21.Google Scholar
Webber SA, Fricker FJ, Michael M, Pickering RM, del Nido PJ, Griffiths BP, Armitage JM. Orthotopic Heart Transplantation in Children with Congenital Heart Disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 1664–1669.Google Scholar
Hsu DT, Quaegebeur JM, Michler RE, Smith CR, Rose EA, Kichuk MR, Gersony WM, Douglas JF, Addonizio LJ. Heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 743–749.Google Scholar
Vricella LA, Razzouk AJ, Gundry SR, Larsen RL, Kuhn MA, Bailey LL. Heart transplantation in infants and children with situs inversus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surgery 1998; 116: 82–89.Google Scholar
Vricella LA, Razzouk AJ, del Rio M, Gundry SR, Bailey LL. Heart transplant for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Modified technique for reducing circulatory arrest time. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998: 17: 1167–1171.Google Scholar
Cooper M, Fuzesi L, Addonizio L, Hsu DT, Smith CR, Rose EA. Pediatric heart transplantation after operations involving the pulmonary arteries. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 102: 386–394.Google Scholar
Kirshman US, Hsu DT, Donnelly CM, Kichuk MR, Martin EC, Michler RE, Quaegebeur J, Addonizio LJ. Management of aortopulmonary collaterals in children following heart transplantation for complex congenital heart disease [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16: 71.Google Scholar
Lamour JM, Hsu DT, Kichuk MR, Galantowicz ME, Quaegebeur JM, Addonizio LJ. Regression of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations following heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2000; 4: 280–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webber SA, Pigula FA. Heart and Lung Transplantation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. In: Gatzoulis M, Webb G, Daubeney P (eds). Diagnosis and Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Harcourt Publishers Limited, London. In press.
Pigula FA, Gandhi S, Ristich J, Stukus D, McCurry K, Webber SA, Keenan R, Griffith BP, Kormos R. Cardiopulmonary transplantation for congenital heart disease in the adult. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20: 297–303.Google Scholar
Lower RR, Shumway NE. Studies on orthotopic homotransplantation of the canine heart. Surg Forum 1960; 11: 18–25.Google Scholar
El Gamel A, Yonan NA, Grant S, Deiraniya AK, Rahman AN, Sarsam MA, Campbell CS. Orthotopic cardiac transplantation: Comparison of standard and bicaval Wythenshawe techniques. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 721–730.Google Scholar
Trento A, Czer LSC, Blanche C. Surgical techniques for cardiac transplantation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 8: 126–132.Google Scholar
Pigula F, Ghandi S, Cipriani L, Dorsey D, Boyle GJ, Miller S, Siewers R, Griffith BP, Webber SA. Bicaval anastomosis for pediatric heart transplantation [abstract]. Transplantation 1999: 67; S642.Google Scholar
Murali S, Kormos R, Uretsky B, Schechter D, Reddy PS, Denys BG, Armitage JM, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP. Preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics and early mortality after orthotopic cardiac transplantation: The Pittsburgh experience. Am Heart J 1993; 126: 896–904.Google Scholar
Gajarski R, Towbin J, Bricker J, Radovancevic, Frazier OH, Price JK. Intermediate follow-up of pediatric heart transplant recipients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance index. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 1682–1687.Google Scholar
Addonizio LJ. Current status of cardiac transplantation in children. Curr Opinion Pediatr 1996: 8: 520–526.Google Scholar
Del Nido PJ, Armitage JM, Fricker FJ, Shaver M, Cipriani L, Duyal G, Park SC, Siewers RD. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support as a bridge to pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation 1994; 90 (part II): II-66 –II-69.Google Scholar
Gajarski RJ, Mosca RS, Ohye RG, Bove EL, Crowley DC, Moler FW, Custer JR, Valentini A, Kulik TJ. Use of ECLS as a bridge to pediatric cardiac transplantation [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21: 128–129.Google Scholar
Helman DN, Addonizio LJ, Morales DLS, Catanese KA, Flannery MA, Quagebeur JM, Edwards NM, Galantowicz ME, Oz MC. Implantable left ventricular ventricular assist devices can successfully bridge adolescent patients to transplant. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 16: 121–126.Google Scholar
Reinhartz O, Keith FM, El-Banayosy A, McBride LR, Robbins RC, Copeland JG, Farrar DJ. Multi-center experience with the Thoratec ventricular assist device in children and adolescents. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20: 439–448.Google Scholar
Hetzer R, Loebe M, Potapov EV, Weng Y, Stiller B, Hennig E, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Lange PE. Circulatory support with pneumatic paracorporeal ventricular assist device in infants and children. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66: 1498–1506.Google Scholar
Weyand M, Kececioglu D, Kehl HG. Neonatal mechanical bridging to total orthotopic heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66: 519–22.Google Scholar
Schuurman HJ, Jambroes G, Borleffs JC, Slootweg PJ, Meyling FH, de Gast GC. Acute humoral rejection after heart transplantation. Transplantation 1988; 46: 603–605.Google Scholar
Mills RM, Naftel DC, Kirklin JK, Van Bakel AB, Jaski BE, Massin EK, Eisen HJ, Lee FA, Fishbein DP, Bourge RC. Heart transplant rejection with hemodynamic compromise: A multi-institutional study of the role of endomyocardial infiltrate. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16: 813–821.Google Scholar
Webber SA, Naftel DC, Parker J, Mulla N, Balfour I, Kirklin JK, Morrow WR and the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study. Late Rejection Episodes Greater than 1 Year after Pediatric Heart Transplantation: Risk Factors and Outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; In press.Google Scholar
Rotondo K, Naftel D, Boucek R, Canter C, McGiffin D, Pahl E, Chinnock R, Morrow R, Kirklin J. Allograft rejection following cardiac transplantation in infants and children: A multi-institutional study [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15: S80.Google Scholar
Pahl E, Naftel DC, Canter CE, Frazier EA, Kirklin JK, Morrow WR; Pediatric Heart Transplant Study. Death after rejection with severe hemodynamic compromise in pediatric heart transplant recipients: a multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20: 279–287.Google Scholar
Balzer DT, Moorhead S, Saffitz JE, Huddleston CB, Spray TL, Canter CE. Utility of surveillance biopsies in infant heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1995; 14: 1095–1101.Google Scholar
Haukim N, Bidwell JL, Smith AJ, Keen LJ, Gallagher G, Kimberly R, Huizinga T, McDermott MF, Oksenberg J, McNicholl J, Pociot F, Hardt C, D'Alfonso S. Cytokine gene polymorphism in human disease: on-line databases, Supplement 2. Genes Immun 2002; 3: 313–330.Google Scholar
Awad MR, Webber SA, Boyle GJ, Sturchio C, Ahmed M, Martell J, Law Y, Miller S, Bowman P, Gribar S, Pigula F, Mazariegos G, Griffith BP, Zeevi A. The effect of cytokine gene polymorphism on pediatric heart allograft outcome. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20: 625–630.Google Scholar
Zheng HX, Webber SA, Zeevi A, Schuetz E, Zhang J, Lambda J, Bowman P, Burckart GJ. MDR1 Polymorphisms at Exons 21 and 26 predict steroid weaning in pediatric heart transplant patients. Hum Immunol 2002; 63: 765–770.Google Scholar
Hsu DT, Spotnitz HM. Echocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1990; 33: 149–160.Google Scholar
Hauptman PJ, Gass A, Goldman ME. The role of echocardiography in heart transplantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993; 6: 496–509.Google Scholar
Boucek MM, Mathis CM, Boucek RJ Jr, Hodgkin DD, Kanakriyeh MS, McCormack J, Gundry SR, Bailey LL. Prospective evaluation of echocardiography for primary rejection surveillance after infant heart transplantation: Comparison with endomyocardial biopsy. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994; 13 (1 Pt 1): 66–73.Google Scholar
Loker J, Darragh R, Ensing G, Caldwell R. Echocardiographic analysis of rejection in the infant heart transplant recipient. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994; 13: 1014–1018.Google Scholar
Holzmann G, Gidding SS, Crawford SE, Zales VR. Usefulness of left ventricular inflow Doppler in predicting rejection in pediatric cardiac transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 205–207.Google Scholar
Kimball TR, Semler DC, Witt SA, Khoury PR, Daniels SR. Noninvasive markers for acute heart transplant rejection in children with the use of automated border detection. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 964–972.Google Scholar
Stempfle HU, Angermann CE, Kraml P, Schutz A, Kemkes BM, Theisen K. Serial changes during acute cardiac allograft rejection: quantitative ultrasound tissue analysis versus myocardial histologic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: 310–317.Google Scholar
Shirali GS, Lombano F, Beeson WL, Dyar DA, Mulla NF, Khan A, Johnston JK, Chinnock RE, Gundry SR, Razzouk AJ. Ventricular remodeling following infant-pediatric cardiac transplantation: Does age at transplantation or size disparity matter. Transplantation 1995; 60: 1467–1472.Google Scholar
Kertesz NJ, Gajarski RJ, Towbin JA, Geva T. Effect of donor and recipient size mismatch in left ventricular remodeling after pediatric orthotopic heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 1167–1172.Google Scholar
Santos-Ocampo SD, Sekarski TJ, Saffitz JE, Bridges ND, Huddleston CB, Spray TL, Canter CE. Echocardiographic characteristics of biopsy proven cellular rejection in infant heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15: 25–34.Google Scholar
Glotz D, Haymann JP, Sansonetti N, Francois A, Menoyo-Calonge V, Bariety J, Druet P. Suppression of HLA-specific alloantibodies by high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). A potential tool for transplantation of immunized patients. Transplantation 1993; 56: 335–337.Google Scholar
John R, Lietz K, Burke E, Ankersmit J, Mancini D, Suciu-Foca N, Edwards N, Rose E, Oz M, Itescu S. Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces anti-HLA alloreactivity and shortens time to cardiac transplantation in highly sensitized left ventricular assist device recipients. Circulation 1999; 100: 229–235.Google Scholar
Anderson C, Sicard G, Etheredge E. Pretreatment of renal allograft recipients with azathioprine and donor specific blood products. Surgery 1982; 92: 315–321.Google Scholar
Jordan SC. Management of the highly HLA-sensitized patient. A novel role for intravenous gammaglobulin. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 691–692.Google Scholar
Grauhan O, Muller J, v Baeyer H, Volk HD, Fietze E, Cohnert T, Meyer R, Pfitzmann R, Mansfeld H, Siniawski H, Warnecke H, Hetzer R. Treatment of humoral rejection after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17: 1184–1194.Google Scholar
Ibrahim J, Blume E, Phelan D, Lublin D, Canter CE. Successful cardiac transplantation of pre-sensitized children without a prospective cross-match: Preliminary results [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 83.Google Scholar
Suciu-Foca N, Reed E, Marboe C, Harris P, Yu PX, Sun YK, Ho E, Rose E, Reemtsma K, King DW. The role of anti-HLA antibodies in heart transplantation. Transplantation 1991; 51: 716–724.Google Scholar
Billingham ME. Histopathology of graft coronary disease. J Heart Lung Transplant 1990; 119; 3: 538–544.Google Scholar
Pahl E, Naftel D, Kuhn M, Shaddy R, Morrow WR, Kirklin J. The impact and outcome of transplant coronary disease in a pediatric population: A multi-institutional study [abstract]. Circulation 2002; In press.Google Scholar
Shirwan H. Chronic allograft rejection. Transplantation 1999; 68: 715–726.Google Scholar
Pahl E, Zales VR, Fricker FJ, et al. Posttransplant coronary artery disease in children. A multicenter national survey. Circulation. 1994; 90 (part 2): II-56 –II-60.Google Scholar
Larsen RL, Applegate PM, Dyar DA, Ribeiro PA, Fritzsche SD, Mulla NF, Shirali GS, Kuhn MA, Chinnock RE, Shah PM. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessing coronary artery disease after transplantation in children. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 515–520.Google Scholar
Pahl E, Crawford SE, Swenson JM, Duffy CE, Fricker FJ, Backer CL, Mavroudis C, Chaudhry FA. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: Experience in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 725–732.Google Scholar
Spes CH, Klauss V, Mudra H, Schnaack SD, Tammen AR, Rieber J, Siebert U, Henneke KH, Uberfuhr P, Reichart B, Theisen K, Angermann CE. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serial dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive assessment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: a comparison with coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 1999; 100: 509–515.Google Scholar
St Goar FG, Pinto FJ, Alderman EL, Valantine HA, Schroeder JS, Gao SZ, Stinson EB, Popp RL. Intracoronary ultrasound in cardiac transplant recipients: in vivo evidence of “angiographically silent” intimal thickening. Circulation 1992; 85: 979–987.Google Scholar
Kuhn MA, Jutzy KR, Deming DD, Cephus CE, Chinnock RE, Johnston J, Bailey LL, Larsen RL. The medium-term findings in coronary arteries by intravascular ultrasound in infants and children after heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 250–254.Google Scholar
Dent CL, Canter CE, Hirsch R, Balzer DT. Transplant coronary artery disease in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2000; 19: 240–248.Google Scholar
Morrow WR, Chinnock RE. Survival after heart transplantation. In: Tejani AH, Harmon WE, Fine RN (eds). Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2000, pp 417–426.
Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, Colombo A, Schuler G, Barragan P, Guagliumi G, Molnar F, Falotico R; RAVEL Study Group. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1773–1780.Google Scholar
Ikonen TS, Gummert JF, Serkova N, Hayase M, Honda Y, Kobayase Y, Hausen B, Yock PG, Christians U, Morris RE. Efficacies of sirolimus (rapamycin) and cyclosporine in allograft vascular disease in non-human primates: trough levels of sirolimus correlate with inhibition of progression of arterial intimal thickening. Transpl Int 2000; 13 (Suppl 1): S314–320.Google Scholar
Michaels MG. Infectious complications. In: Tejani AH, Harmon WE, Fine RN (eds). Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2000, pp 404–410.
Kanter K, Pahl E, Naftel DC, Canter C, Webber S, Frazier E, Kirklin JK, Morrow WR and the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Group. Preventing CMV Infection in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients: Does Prophylaxis Work [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17: 59–60.Google Scholar
Koskinen PK, Nieminen MS, Krogerus LA, Lemstrom KB, Mattila SP, Hayry PJ, Lautenschlager IT. Cytomegalovirus infection and accelerated cardiac allograft vasculopathy in human cardiac allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993; 12: 724–729.Google Scholar
Webber SA, Green M. Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: Advances in diagnosis, prevention and management. Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2000; 145–157.Google Scholar
Green M, Reyes J, Webber SA, Michaels MG, Rowe D. The role of viral load in the diagnosis, management and possible prevention of Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease following solid organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 1999; 4: 292–296.Google Scholar
Rowe DT, Qu L, Reyes J, Jabbour N, Yunis E, Putnam P, Todo S, Green M. Use of quantitative competitive PCR to measure Epstein-Barr virus genome load in the peripheral blood of pediatric transplant recipients with lymphoproliferative disorders. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1612–1615.Google Scholar
Qu L, Green M, Webber SA, Reyes J, Ellis D, Rowe D. Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression in the Peripheral Blood of Transplant Recipients with Persistent Circulating Viral Loads. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1013–1021.Google Scholar
Boyle GJ, Michaels MG, Webber SA, Knisely AS, Kurland G, Cipriani L, Griffith BP, Fricker FJ. Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Pediatric Thoracic Organ Recipients. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 309–313.Google Scholar
Nalesnik MA. The diverse pathology of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: the importance of a standardized approach. Transpl Infect Dis 2001; 3: 88–96.Google Scholar
Webber SA, Bowman P, Naftel D, Fricker FJ, Blume E, Addonizio L, Kirklin J, Canter C. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: Experience with 56 cases at 19 pediatric heart transplant centers [abstract]. Circulation 2002; In press.Google Scholar
Webber SA, Fine RN, McGhee W, Harmon W, Sarwal M, Faro A, Fricker FJ, Coe JY, Salvatierra Jr O, Mueller B, Mazariegos GM, Reyes J. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) for pediatric post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: A preliminary multicenter experience [abstract]. Am J Transplant 2001; 1 (Suppl 1): 469.Google Scholar
Grillo-López AJ, Lynch J, Coiffier B, Connors JM, Swinnen LJ, Venugopal. Rituximab therapy of lymphoproliferative disorders in immunosuppressed patients. Ann Oncol 1999; 10 (Suppl 3): 179.Google Scholar
Milpied N, Vasseur B, Parquet N, Garnier JL, Antoine C, Quartier P, Carret AS, Bouscary D, Faye A, Bourbigot B, Reguerre Y, Stoppa AM, Bourquard P, Hurault de Ligny B, Dubief F, Mathieu-Boue A, Leblond V. Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) in posttransplant B-lymphoproliferative disorders: A retrospective analysis on 32 patients. Ann Oncol 2000; 11 (Suppl 1): 113–116.Google Scholar
Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY, Loftin S, Li C, Krance RA, Brenner MK, Heslop HE. Use of gene-modified virus-specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr virus related lymphoproliferation. Lancet 1995; 345: 9–13.Google Scholar
Khanna R, Bell S, Sherritt M, Galbraith A, Burrows SR, Rafter L, Clarke B, Slaughter R, Falk MC, Douglass J, Williams T, Elliott SL, Moss DJ. Activation and adoptive transfer of Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in solid organ transplant patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 10391–10396.Google Scholar
Bernstein D, Baum D, Berry G, Dahl G, Weiss L, Starnes VA, Gamberg P, Stinson EB. Neoplastic disorders after pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation 1993; 88: II230–237.Google Scholar
Boyle GJ. Other complications. In: Tejani AH, Harmon WE, Fine RN (eds). Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2000, pp 411–416.
Chin C, Rosenthal D, Bernstein D. Lipoprotein abnormalities are highly prevalent in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2000; 4: 193–199.Google Scholar
Penson MG, Winter WE, Fricker FJ, Harker K, Kahler DA, Kubilis PS, Schowengerdt KO. Tacrolimus-based triple drug immunosuppression minimizes serum lipid elevations in pediatric cardiac transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 707–713.Google Scholar
Law YM, Yim R, Agatista PK, Boyle GJ, Miller SA, Lawrence K, Webber SA. Lipid profiles in pediatric thoracic recipients are determined by the immunosuppressive regimens [abstract]. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21: 172.Google Scholar
Walker R, Brochstein J. Neurologic complications of immunosuppressive agents. Neurol Clin 1988; 6: 261–277.Google Scholar
Asante-Korang, Boyle GJ, Webber SA, Miller SA, Fricker FJ. Experience of FK 506 Immunosuppression in Pediatric Heart Transplantation: A Study of Long-Term Adverse Effects. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15: 415–422.Google Scholar
First MR, Gerber DA, Hariharan S, Kaufman DB, Shapiro R. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus in kidney allograft recipients: incidence, risk factors, and management. Transplantation 2002; 73: 379–386.Google Scholar
Wagner K, Webber SA, Kurland G, Boyle GJ, Miller SA, Cipriani L, Griffith BP, Fricker FJ. New Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatric Thoracic Organ Recipients under Tacrolimus Based Immuno-suppression. J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16: 275–282.Google Scholar
English RF, Pophal SA, Bacanu S, Fricker FJ, Boyle GJ, Miller SA, Law Y, Ellis D, Harker K, Sutton R, Pigula F, Webber SA. Long-term Comparison of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine Induced Nephrotoxicity in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 769–773.Google Scholar
Abel MD, Aspeslet LJ, Broski AP, Freitag DG, Naicker SS, Trepanier DJ, Foster RT, Yatscoff RW. Phase II trial of ISATX247, a novel calcineurin inhibitor, in renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2002; 2 (Suppl 3): 379.Google Scholar
Boucek RJ Jr, Naftel D, Boucek MM, Chinnock R, Morrow RW, Pahl E, DiSano S. Induction immunotherapy in pediatric heart transplant recipients: A multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 460–469.Google Scholar
Kahan BD, Rajagopalan PR, Hall MI. Reduction of the occurrence of acute cellular rejection among renal allograft recipients treated with basiliximab, a chimeric anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibody. Transplantation 1999; 67: 276–284.Google Scholar
Beniaminovitz A, Itescu S, Lietz K, Donovan M, Burke EM, Groff BD, Edwards N, Mancini DM. Prevention of rejection in cardiac transplantation by blockade of the interleukin-2 receptor with a monoclonal antibody. N Eng J Med 2000; 342: 613–619.Google Scholar
Kobashigawa J, Miller L, Renlund D, Mentzer R, Alderman E, Bourge R, Costanzo M, Eisen H, Dureau G, Ratkovec R, Hummel M, Ipe D, Johnson J, Keogh A, Mamelok R, Mancini D, Smart F, Valantine H. A randomized active-controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplant recipients. Transplantation 1998; 66: 507–515.Google Scholar
Radley-Smith RC, Yacoub MH. Long-term results of pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11: S227–281.Google Scholar
Au J, Gregory JW, Colquhoun IW, Scott CD, Hilton CJ, Hunter S, Dark JH. Paediatric cardiac transplantation with steroid-sparing maintenance immunosuppression. Arch Dis Child 1992; 67: 1262–1266.Google Scholar
Razzouk AJ, Chinnock RE, Gundry SR, Johnston JK, Larsen RL, Baum MF, Mulla NF, Bailey LL. Transplantation as a primary treatment for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Intermediate-term results. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62: 1–7.Google Scholar
Canter CE, Moorhead S, Saffitz JE, Huddleston CB, Spray TL. Steroid withdrawal in the pediatric heart transplant recipient initially treated with triple immunosuppression. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994; 13: 74–80.Google Scholar
Sindhi R, Webber SA, Venkataramanan R, McGhee W, Phillips S, Smith A, Baird C, Iurlano K, Mazariegos G, Cooperstone B, Holt DW, Zeevi A, Fung JJ, Reyes J. Sirolimus for rescue and primary immunosuppression in transplanted children receiving tacrolimus. Transplantation 2001; 72: 851–855.Google Scholar
Swenson JM, Fricker FJ, Armitage JM. Immunosuppression switch in pediatric heart transplant recipients: cyclosporine to FK506. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 1183–1188.Google Scholar
Robinson BV, Boyle GJ, Miller SA, Law Y, Griffith BP, Webber SA. Optimal Dosing of Intravenous Tacrolimus Following Pediatric Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 786–791.Google Scholar
Dobrolet N, Webber SA, Blatt J, Michaels M, Kiaffas M, Kurland G, Boyle GJ. Hematologic Abnormalities in Children and Young Adults Receiving Tacrolimus-based Immunosuppression Following Cardiothoracic Transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation 2001; 5: 125–131.Google Scholar
McGhee B, McCombs JR, Boyle G, Webber SA, Reyes JR. Therapeutic Use of an Extemporaneously Prepared Oral Suspension of Tacrolimus in Pediatric Patients. Transplantation 1997; 64: 941–942.Google Scholar
Wagner K, Oliver MC, Boyle GJ, Miller SA, Law YM, Webber SA. Endomyocardial Biopsy in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients: A Useful Exercise? (Analysis of 1169 Biopsies). Pediatr Transplant 2000; 4: 186–192.Google Scholar
Nixon PA, Fricker FJ, Noyes BE, Webber SA, Orenstein DM, Armitage JM. Exercise Testing in Pediatric Heart and/or Lung Transplant Recipients. Chest 1995; 107: 1328–1335.Google Scholar
Hsu DT, Garofano RP, Douglas JM, Michler RE, Quaegebeur JM, Gersony WM, Addonizio LJ. Exercise performance after pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation 1993; 88 [part II]: 238–242.Google Scholar
Uzark KC, Sauer SN, Lawrence KS, Miller J, Addonizio L, Crowley DC. The psychosocial impact of pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11: 1160–1167.Google Scholar
Wray J, Pot-Mees C, Zeitlin H, Radley-Smith R, Yacoub M. Cognitive function and behavioural status in pediatric heart and heart-lung transplant recipients: the Harefield experience. BMJ 1994; 309: 837–841.Google Scholar
Serrano-Ikkos E, Lask B, Whitehead B, Eisler I. Unsatisfactory adherence after pediatric heart and heart-lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998; 17: 1177–1183.Google Scholar
Baum M, Freier K, Chinnock RE. Growth and cognitive development. In: Tejani AH, Harmon WE, Fine RN (eds). Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2000, pp 433–439.
Kurtz J, Sykes M. Tolerance: A review of its mechanisms in the transplant setting. In: Tejani AH, Harmon WE, Fine RN (eds). Pediatric Solid Organ Transplantation. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 2000, pp 74–87.
Turka LA. Transplantation Tolerance. Medscape Transplantation, 2000. www.medscape.com/Medscape/transplantation/ClinicalMgmt/CM.v05/public/index-CM.v05.html
Kirk A. Immunosuppression without immunosuppression? How to be a tolerant individual in a dangerous world. Transplant Infect Dis 1999: 1: 65–75.Google Scholar
Remuzzi G, Perico N, Carpenter CB, Sayegh M. The thymic way to transplantation tolerance. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 5: 1639–1646.Google Scholar
Kirk AD, Harlan DM, Armstrong NN, Davis TA, Dong Y, Gray GS, Hong X, Thomas D, Fechner JH Jr, Knechtle SJ. CTLA4-Ig and anti-CD40 ligand prevent renal allograft rejection in primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1997; 94: 8789–8794.Google Scholar
Pham SM, Rao AS, Zeevi A, Kormos RL, McCurry KR, Hattler BG, Fung JJ, Starzl TE, Griffith BP. A clinical trial combining donor bone marrow infusion and heart transplantation: intermediate term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119: 673–681.Google Scholar
Pham SM, Rao AS, Zeevi A, McCurry KR, Keenan RJ, Vega JD, Kormos RL, Hattler BG, Fung JJ, Starzl TE, Griffith BP. Effects of donor bone marrow infusion in clinical lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 345–350.Google Scholar