¹ Scholars such as Kelly Dawn Askin, Doris Buss, Annie-Marie LM de Brouwer, Christine Chinkin, Rhonda Copleton, Karen Engle, Cynthia Enloe, Nicole LaViolette, Catherine A Mackinnon, Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Valerie Oosterveld, Donna Pankhurst, Inger Skjelsbæk, and J Ann Tickner.

² Completed in 2008 at the University of Minnesota under the supervision of Kathryn Sikkink, and with commentary on legal analysis by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin.

³ General Andrew Jackson, cited in Inal, Tuba, Looting and Rape in Wartime: Law and Change in International Relations (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) at 167.Google Scholar

⁴ Ibid at 2.

⁵ Ethan A Nadelmann, “Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society” (1990) 44:4 Intl Organization 479.

⁶ Inal, supra note 3 at 5–6, citing Kenneth W Abbott et al, “The Concept of Legalization” (2000) 54:3 Intl Organization 401.

⁷ See Abbott, Kenneth W, “International Relations Theory, International Law, and the Regime Governing Atrocities in Internal Conflicts” in Ratner, Steven R & Slaughter, Anne-Marie, eds, The Methods of International Law (Washington, DC: American Society of International Law, 2004).Google Scholar

⁸ Convention no II with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, with annex of regulations, 29 July 1899, 32 Stat 1803; Hague Convention no IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 18 October 1907, BTS 1910 No 9, 1 Bevans 631, 36 Stat 2227; Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31; Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 85; Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 135; Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 287 [Geneva Convention IV]; Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 3 [Additional Protocol I]; Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 609; Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 3.

⁹ Inal, supra note 3 at 28, 53–55.

¹⁰ See Antony Anghie & BS Chimni, “Third World Approaches to International Law and Individual Responsibility in Internal Conflicts” (2003) 2:1 Chinese J Intl L 77.

¹¹ See Press Emblem Campaign, “Draft Proposal for an International Convention to Strengthen the Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations” (2007) Press Emblem Campaign, online: <http://www.pressemblem.ch/4983.html>.

¹² See note 8 in this review.

¹³ Geneva Convention IV, supra note 8, art 27.

¹⁴ Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR-96-4-T, Trial Judgment (2 September 1998) at para 731 (Trial Chamber), online: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda <www.ictr.org>; Prosecutor v Zdravko Mucic (Celebici Camp Case), IT-96-21-T, Trial Judgment (16 November 1998) at para 495 (Trial Chamber), online: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia <www.icty.org>.

¹⁵ Inal, supra note 3 at 164.

¹⁶ See Helen Kinsella, “Gendering Grotius: Sex and Sex Difference in the Laws of War” (2006) 32:4 Political Theory 61.

¹⁷ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, UNGAOR, UN Doc A/CONF.157/23 (1993).