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8 Laponce, J. A., Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perceptions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981).Google Scholar When we refer to the “traditional left/right axis” we mean left/right as understood in the context of nineteenth- and twentieth-century industrialization and the mobilization of electorates around class issues.

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13 Inglehart, “Postmaterialism in an Environment of Insecurity,” 881.

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15 Inglehart, “The Silent Revolution in Europe,” 991.

16 Ibid.

17 Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society.

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21 Inglehart, The Silent Revolution, 13.

22 Respondents were asked to assign priority to 12 values by rank-ordering them. The postmaterialist items include: “ideas count,” “free speech,” “beautiful cities/nature,” “less impersonal society,” “more say on the job and in the community” and “more say in government.” The materialist items include: “strong defence forces,” “fight crime,” “maintain order,” “stable economy,” “economic growth” and “fight rising prices.” For details see Inglehart, The Silent Revolution, 52, note.

23 Bishop, George F., “The Effect of Education on Ideological Consistency,” Public Opinion Quarterly 40 (1976), 337–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Converse, Philip E., “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in Apter, David E. (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964), 206–61Google Scholar; Hans D. Klingemann, “The Background of Ideological Conceptualization,” in Barnes And Kaase (eds.), Political Action, 255–78; and Luskin, Robert, “Measuring Political Sophistication,” American Journal of Political Science 31 (1987), 856–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24 Following the procedures outlined by Inglehart in The Silent Revolution (52, note), a two-stage process was used to generate a single scale score from 0 to 10 for each respondent. Details on the algorithm used are available upon request from the first author.

25 Lafferty and Knutsen, “Postmaterialism in a Social Democratic State.”

26 Flanagan, Scott, “Values in Industrial Societies,” American Political Science Review 81 (1987), 1303–19Google Scholar; and Marsh, “The Silent Revolution, Value Priorities and the Quality of Life in Britain.”

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28 Inglehart and Flanagan, “Value Change in Industrial Societies,” 1292–95.

29 Inglehart, The Silent Revolution, 5.

30 Ibid., 365.

31 For example, Dalton et al., Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies.

32 Inglehart, “New Perspectives on Value Change,” 488.

33 Ibid., 489.

34 Lafferty and Knutsen, “Postmaterialism in a Social Democratic State.”

35 Laponce, Left and Right, 47–56.