Let $\mathcal{S}$ denote the set of integers representable as a sum of two squares. Since $\mathcal{S}$ can be described as the unsifted elements of a sieving process of positive dimension, it is to be expected that $\mathcal{S}$ has many properties in common with the set of prime numbers. In this paper we exhibit “unexpected irregularities” in the distribution of sums of two squares in short intervals, a phenomenon analogous to that discovered by Maier, over a decade ago, in the distribution of prime numbers. To be precise, we show that there are infinitely many short intervals containing considerably more elements of $\mathcal{S}$ than expected, and infinitely many intervals containing considerably fewer than expected.

Given a holomorphic Hilbertian bundle on a compact complex manifold, we introduce the notion of holomorphic ${{L}^{2}}$ torsion, which lies in the determinant line of the twisted ${{L}^{2}}$ Dolbeault cohomology and represents a volume element there. Here we utilise the theory of determinant lines of Hilbertian modules over finite von Neumann algebras as developed in $[\text{CFM}]$. This specialises to the Ray-Singer-Quillen holomorphic torsion in the finite dimensional case. We compute a metric variation formula for the holomorphic ${{L}^{2}}$ torsion, which shows that it is not in general independent of the choice of Hermitian metrics on the complex manifold and on the holomorphic Hilbertian bundle, which are needed to define it. We therefore initiate the theory of correspondences of determinant lines, that enables us to define a relative holomorphic ${{L}^{2}}$ torsion for a pair of flat Hilbertian bundles, which we prove is independent of the choice of Hermitian metrics on the complex manifold and on the flat Hilbertian bundles.

We construct an automorphic realization of the global minimal representation of quaternionic exceptional groups, using the theory of Eisenstein series, and use this for the study of theta correspondences.

Let $\left( {{M}_{n}},\,g \right)$ be a strictly convex riemannian manifold with ${{C}^{\infty }}$ boundary. We prove the existence of classical solution for the nonlinear elliptic partial differential equation of Monge-Ampère: $\det (-u\delta _{j}^{i}\,+\,\nabla _{j}^{i}u)\,=\,F(x,\,\nabla u;\,u)$ in $M$ with a Neumann condition on the boundary of the form $\frac{\partial u}{\partial v}=\varphi (x,u)$, where $F\in {{C}^{\infty }}(TM\times \mathbb{R})$ is an everywhere strictly positive function satisfying some assumptions, $v$ stands for the unit normal vector field and $\varphi \in {{C}^{\infty }}(\partial M\times \mathbb{R})$ is a non-decreasing function in $u$.

A complete description of symmetric spaces on a separable measure space with the Dunford-Pettis property is given. It is shown that ${{\ell }^{1}},{{c}_{0}}$ and ${{\ell }^{\infty }}$ are the only symmetric sequence spaces with the Dunford- Pettis property, and that in the class of symmetric spaces on $(0,\,\alpha ),\,0\,<\,\alpha \,\le \,\infty$, the only spaces with the Dunford-Pettis property are ${{\text{L}}^{1}},{{\text{L}}^{\infty }},{{\text{L}}^{1}}\cap {{\text{L}}^{\infty }},{{\text{L}}^{1}}+{{\text{L}}^{\infty }},{{({{\text{L}}^{\infty }})}^{\text{o}}}$ and ${{({{\text{L}}^{1}}+{{\text{L}}^{\infty }})}^{\text{o}}}$, where ${{\text{X}}^{\text{o}}}$ denotes the norm closure of ${{\text{L}}^{1}}\cap {{\text{L}}^{\infty }}$ in $X$. It is also proved that all Banach dual spaces of ${{\text{L}}^{1}}\cap {{\text{L}}^{\infty }}$ and ${{\text{L}}^{1}}+{{\text{L}}^{\infty }}$ have the Dunford-Pettis property. New examples of Banach spaces showing that the Dunford-Pettis property is not a three-space property are also presented. As applications we obtain that the spaces ${{({{\text{L}}^{1}}+{{\text{L}}^{\infty }})}^{\text{o}}}$ and ${{({{\text{L}}^{\infty }})}^{\text{o}}}$ have a unique symmetric structure, and we get a characterization of the Dunford-Pettis property of some Köthe-Bochner spaces.

J. Arthur put the trace formula in invariant form for all connected reductive groups and certain disconnected ones. However his work was written so as to apply to the general disconnected case, modulo two missing ingredients. This paper supplies one of those missing ingredients, namely an argument in Galois cohomology of a kind first used by D. Kazhdan in the connected case.

We show that if $m,n\ge 0,\lambda >1$, and $R$ is a rational function with numerator, denominator of degree $\le m,n$, respectively, then there exists a set $S\subset [0,1]$ of linear measure $\ge \,\frac{1}{4}\,\exp \left( -\frac{13}{\log \,\text{ }\!\!\lambda\!\!\text{ }} \right)$ such that for $r\in S$,

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$$_{|z|=r\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,|z|=r}^{\max |R(z)|/min|R(z)|\le {{\lambda }^{m+n}}.}$$

Here, one may not replace $\frac{1}{4}\exp (-\frac{13}{\log \lambda })$ by $\exp (-\frac{2-\varepsilon }{\log \lambda })$, for any $\varepsilon >0$. As our motivating application, we prove a convergence result for diagonal Padé approximants for functions meromorphic in the unit ball.

To each field $F$ of characteristic not 2, one can associate a certain Galois group ${{\mathcal{G}}_{F}}$, the so-called $\text{W}$-group of $F$, which carries essentially the same information as the Witt ring $W(F)$ of $F$. In this paper we investigate the connection between ${{\mathcal{G}}_{F}}$ and ${{\mathcal{G}}_{F(\sqrt{a})}}$, where $F(\sqrt{a})$ is a proper quadratic extension of $F$. We obtain a precise description in the case when $F$ is a pythagorean formally real field and $a=-1$, and show that the $\text{W}$-group of a proper field extension $K/F$ is a subgroup of the $\text{W}$-group of $F$ if and only if $F$ is a formally real pythagorean field and $K=F(\sqrt{-1)}$. This theorem can be viewed as an analogue of the classical Artin-Schreier’s theorem describing fields fixed by finite subgroups of absolute Galois groups. We also obtain precise results in the case when $a$ is a double-rigid element in $F$. Some of these results carry over to the general setting.

We study estimates of the type

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$${{\left\| \phi (D)\,-\,\phi ({{D}_{0}}) \right\|}_{E(\mathcal{M},\,\tau )}}\,\le \,C\,\cdot \,{{\left\| D\,-\,{{D}_{0}} \right\|}^{\alpha }},\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\alpha \,=\,\frac{1}{2},\,1$$

where $\phi (t)\,=\,t{{(1\,+\,{{t}^{2}})}^{-1/2}},\,{{D}_{0}}\,=\,D_{0}^{*}$ is an unbounded linear operator affiliated with a semifinite von Neumann algebra $M,D-{{D}_{0}}$ is a bounded self-adjoint linear operator from $\mathcal{M}$ and ${{(1+D_{0}^{2})}^{-1/2}}\in E(M,\tau )$, where $E(\mathcal{M},\tau )$ is a symmetric operator space associated with $\mathcal{M}$. In particular, we prove that $\phi \left( D \right)-\phi \left( {{D}_{0}} \right)$ belongs to the non-commutative ${{L}_{p}}$-space for some $p\in (1,\infty )$, provided ${{(1+D_{0}^{2})}^{-1/2}}$ belongs to the noncommutative weak ${{L}_{r}}$-space for some $r\in [1,p)$. In the case $\mathcal{M}\,=\,\mathcal{B}\left( \mathcal{H} \right)$ and $1\,\le \,p\,\le \,2$, we show that this result continues to hold under the weaker assumption ${{(1+D_{0}^{2})}^{-1/2}}\in {{C}_{p}}$. This may be regarded as an odd counterpart of A. Connes’ result for the case of even Fredholm modules.