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PARASITOID COMPLEX OF ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND EVALUATION OF TYCHERUS OSCULATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

R.J. West ,
M. Kenis ,
G.W. Butt  and
S.M. Bennett
R.J. West
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, P.O. Box 960, Comer Brook, Newfoundland, Canada A2H 653
M. Kenis
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, P.O. Box 960, Comer Brook, Newfoundland, Canada A2H 653
G.W. Butt
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, P.O. Box 960, Comer Brook, Newfoundland, Canada A2H 653
S.M. Bennett
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, P.O. Box 960, Comer Brook, Newfoundland, Canada A2H 653
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Abstract

A survey of larval and pupal populations of the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), conducted from 1994 to 1996 in eastern Newfoundland, disclosed that the incidence of endemic parasitism by Hymenoptera was up to 50% for Tycherus osculator (Thünberg) (Ichneumonidae), up to 15% for Earinus zeirapherae (Walley), under 3% for Ascogaster (Wesmael 1835) sp. and Clinocentrus (Haliday 1833) sp. (Braconidae), and under 1% for Lamachus (Foerster 1868) sp. and Triclistus (Foerster 1868) sp. (Ichneumonidae). Tycherus osculator, E. zeirapherae, Ascogaster sp., and Clinocentrus sp. represent new distributional range extensions to Newfoundland, and to the nearctic region in the case of T. osculator. The biology of European populations of T. osculator was studied on a natural host, Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée). Only females overwintered and ovarian maturation did not occur until after several months of exposure to near-freezing temperatures. Tycherus osculator successfully parasitized prepupae and pupae of Z. diniana of all ages but, in the laboratory, appeared to prefer pupae. Host feeding by T. osculator was common but not necessary for ovarian maturation. Tycherus osculator imported from Europe attacked and successfully developed within the spruce bud moth host in laboratory screenings. Morphological comparisons indicated that T. osculator reared from Z. canadensis were smaller than those reared from Z. diniana. Tycherus osculator obtained from either Newfoundland or Europe may have potential as a biological control of Z. canadensis in mainland Canada, where it is presently absent.

Résumé

Une étude des populations larvaires et nymphales de la tordeuse de l’épinette, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura et Freeman (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae), effectuée de 1994 à 1996 à l’est de Terre-Neuve a montré que le taux de parasitisme par les Hyménoptères atteignait 50% pour Tycherus osculator (Thünberg) (Ichneumonidae), 15% pour Earinus zeirapherae (Walley), moins de 3% pour Ascogaster (Wesmael 1835) sp. et Clinocentrus (Haliday 1833) sp. (Braconidae), et moins de 1% pour Lamachus (Foerster 1868) sp. et Triclistus (Foerster 1868) sp. (Ichneumonidae). Tycherus osculator, E. zeirapherae, Ascogaster sp. et Clinocentrus sp. sont pour la première fois mentionnés à Terre-Neuve alors que T. osculator n’avait encore jamais été trouvé dans la région néarctique. La biologie de populations européennes de T. osculator a été étudiée sur un hôte naturel, Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée). Seules les femelles ont hiverné et la maturation ovarienne n’a été observée qu’après une période hivernale de plusieurs mois à basse température. Tycherus osculator a parasité avec succès les pré-nymphes et nymphes de tous âges mais, au laboratoire, il a préféré les nymphes. Les femelles ont souvent été observées s’alimentant sur l’hôte, mais cette activité n’était pas nécessaire à la maturation ovarienne. Une population européenne de T. osculator a parasité avec succès la tordeuse de l’épinette au laboratoire. Des comparaisons morphologiques ont montré que les T. osculator européens obtenus de Z. canadensis étaient plus petits que ceux obtenus de Z. diniana. Tycherus osculator, de Terre-Neuve ou d’Europe, est considéré comme un agent de lutte biologique potentiel contre Z. canadensis sur le continent nord-américain, où il est apparemment absent.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 131 , Issue 4 , August 1999 , pp. 465 - 474
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1999

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