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INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD ON INITIATION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE APPLE MAGGOT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Ronald J. Prokopy
Ronald J. Prokopy
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven
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Abstract

The initiation of the pupal diapause of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was found to be regulated by photoperiod and temperature. The stages of R. pomonella sensitive to these two regulatory factors were demonstrated to be the larva in the case of photoperiod and the larva and pupa in the case of temperature. Measurements with a highly sensitive photocell revealed that enough light passes through the skin and pulp of an apple to permit the response of the larvae to photoperiod to be direct. Diapause initiation was found to be independent of the effect of photoperiod or temperature on the adults and eggs and independent of the amount or type of larval food (apple or artificial).

Where larvae and pupae were reared at 28°C and a photoperiod of 17 or 19 hours of light per 24-hour day, 1% of the pupae completed development in 23 days, 50% in 28 days, 75% in 30 days, and 100% in 64 days. These were the only regimes tested at which there was 100% non-diapause development, a finding which is directly applicable to continuous laboratory rearing of the apple maggot. Irrespective of temperature, diapause was induced in more than 50% of the pupae at a larval photoperiod of 11 hours. Even where larval photoperiod was favorable for 100% non-diapause development (17 or 19 hr), diapause was induced in more than 25% of the pupae if larval and pupal development occurred at 23°C and in a larger percentage if larval and pupal development occurred at 19°C.

These findings are helpful in elucidating those conditions in nature under which a second generation of R. pomonella occurs.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 100 , Issue 3 , March 1968 , pp. 318 - 329
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1968

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