Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-wgjn4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-19T08:57:35.700Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Current status of invasive alien birch-leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Canada, with keys to species

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Scott C. Digweed ,
Chris J.K. MacQuarrie ,
David W. Langor ,
Daryl J.M. Williams ,
John R. Spence ,
Kathryn L. Nystrom  and
Louis Morneau
Scott C. Digweed
Affiliation:
Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320 – 122 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
Chris J.K. MacQuarrie
Affiliation:
Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320 – 122 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5, and Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
David W. Langor*
Affiliation:
Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320 – 122 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
Daryl J.M. Williams
Affiliation:
Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320 – 122 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 3S5
John R. Spence
Affiliation:
Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H1
Kathryn L. Nystrom
Affiliation:
Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen Street E, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 2E5
Louis Morneau
Affiliation:
Service des Relevés et des diagnostics, Direction de l'environnement et de la protection des forêts, Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, local D.2.370a, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, Québec, Canada G1P 3W8
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: dlangor@nrcan.gc.ca).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the 20th century, five species of birch-leafmining sawflies were inadvertently introduced from Europe to North America: Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén), Fenusa pumila Leach, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow), Fenusella nana (Klug), and Scolioneura vicina Konow. All have been recorded at outbreak levels in North America, and three (F. pumila, P. thomsoni, and H. nemoratus) have been the targets of successful biological control programs. The most recently detected species, F. nana and S. vicina, are good candidates for future biological control in Canada. We review the biology of all five of these birch-leafmining sawflies in North America and present keys to adults, larvae, and mines to aid correct identification.

Résumé

Au cours du dernier siècle, cinq espèces de tenthrèdes mineuses du bouleau ont été introduites involontairement d’Europe en Amérique du Nord: Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallén), Fenusa pumila Leach, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow), Fenusella nana (Klug) et Scolioneura vicina Konow. Elles ont toutes été rapportées à des niveaux épidémiques en Amérique du Nord et trois de ces espèces (F. pumila, P. thomsoni et H. nemoratus) ont fait l’objet de programmes de contrôle biologique réussis. Les deux espèces détectées plus récemment, F. nana et S. vicina, constituent de bonnes candidates pour un éventuel contrôle biologique au Canada. Nous révisons la biologie de cinq espèces de tenthrèdes mineuses du bouleau en Amérique du Nord et présentons des clés pour faciliter l’identification des adultes, des larves et des mines.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 141 , Issue 3 , June 2009 , pp. 201 - 235
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altenhofer, E. 1980 a. Zur Systematik und Morphologie der in Baumblättern minierenden Blattwespen (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 89: 42–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altenhofer, E. 1980 b. Zur Biologie der in Baumblättern minierenden Blattwespen (Hym., Tenthred.). Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 89: 122–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altenhofer, E. 1980 c. Zur Systematik und Ökologie der Larvenparasiten (Hym., Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae) der minierenden Blattwespen (Hym., Tenthred.). Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 89: 250–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altenhofer, E., and Taeger, A. 1998. Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Scolioneura Konow, 1890 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Edited by Taeger, A. and Blank, S.M.. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, Germany. pp. 225–226.Google Scholar
Barron, J.R. 1994. The Nearctic species of Lathrolestes (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 28(3).Google Scholar
Belokobylskij, S.A. 1996. A new Palaearctic genus of the subfamily Ichneutinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 4: 307–310.Google Scholar
Benson, R.B. 1941. On the European genera of the Fenusini and two unrecognized British species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series B: Taxonomy, 10(5): 85–90.Google Scholar
Benson, R.B. 1952. Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 6. Part 2b.Google Scholar
Benson, R.B. 1959. Further studies on the Fenusini (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series B: Taxonomy, 28(5–6): 90–92.Google Scholar
Benson, R.B. 1968. Hymenoptera from Turkey, Symphyta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series, 22(4): 109–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouček, Z. 1968. Contributions to the Czechoslovak fauna of Chalcidoidea (Hym.). Acta Faunistica Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 12: 231–260.Google Scholar
Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): a biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Bouček, Z., and Askew, R.R. 1968. Palaearctic Eulophidae sine Tetrastichinae. Index of entomophagous insects 3. Le François, Paris.Google Scholar
Britton, W.E. 1924. A European leaf-miner of birch. Journal of Economic Entomology, 17: 601.Google Scholar
Britton, W.E. 1926. Three injurious insects recently introduced into Connecticut. Journal of Economic Entomology, 19: 540–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, H.H., and LeRoux, E.J. 1965. Life history and habits of the birch leaf miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), on blue birch, Betula caerulea grandis Blanchard, Morgan Arboretum, Québec, 1964. Annals of the Entomological Society of Quebec, 10: 173–188.Google Scholar
Cheng, H.H., and LeRoux, E.J. 1966. Preliminary life tables and notes on mortality factors of the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), on blue birch, Betula caerulea grandis Blanchard, in Québec. Annals of the Entomological Society of Quebec, 11: 81–104.Google Scholar
Cheng, H.H., and LeRoux, E.J. 1968. Control of the birch leaf miner with disulfoton. The Canadian Entomologist, 100: 350–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, H.H., and LeRoux, E.J. 1969. Parasites and predators of the birch leaf miner, Fenusa pusilla (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Québec. The Canadian Entomologist, 101: 839–846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, H.H., and LeRoux, E.J. 1970. Major factors in survival of the immature stages of Fenusa pusilla in southwestern Québec. The Canadian Entomologist, 102: 995–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, H.F., and Cutkomp, L.K. 1992. How to know the immature insects. W.C. Brown, Dubuque, Iowa.Google Scholar
Csóka, G. 2003. Leaf mines and leaf miners. Forest Research Institute, Agroinform, Budapest, Hungary.Google Scholar
Daviault, L. 1937. Contribution à l'étude des insectes du Bouleau. Contributions de l'Institut de Zoologie de l'Université de Montréal No. 1.Google Scholar
DeClerck, R.A., and Shorthouse, J.D. 1985. Tissue preference and damage by Fenusa pusilla and Messa nana (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), leafmining sawflies on white birch (Betula papyrifera). The Canadian Entomologist, 117: 351–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digweed, S.C. 1995. Effects of natural enemies, competition, and host plant quality on introduced birch leafminers (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). M.Sc. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
Digweed, S.C. 1998. Mortality of birch leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): impacts of natural enemies on introduced pests. Environmental Entomology, 27: 1357–1367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digweed, S.C. 2006. Oviposition preference and larval performance in the exotic birch-leafmining sawfly Profenusa thomsoni. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 120: 41–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digweed, S.C., and Langor, D.W. 2004. Distributions of leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on birch and alder in northwestern Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 136: 727–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digweed, S.C., Spence, J.R., and Langor, D.W. 1997. Exotic birch-leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Alberta: distributions, seasonal activities and the potential for competition. The Canadian Entomologist, 129: 319–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digweed, S.C., McQueen, R.L., Spence, J.R., and Langor, D.W. 2003. Biological control of the ambermarked birch leafminer, Profenusa thomsoni (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Alberta. Information Report NOR-X-389, Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
Dowden, P.B. 1941. Parasites of the birch leaf-mining sawfly (Phyllotoma nemorata). Technical Bulletin 757, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, District of Columbia.Google Scholar
Drouin, J.A., and Wong, H.R. 1984. Birch leaf-mining sawflies in Alberta (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Information Report NOR-X-260, Northern Forestry Research Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
Eichorn, O., and Pschorn-Walcher, H. 1973. The parasites of the birch leaf-mining sawfly (Fenusa pusilla [Lep.], Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in central Europe. Technical Bulletin of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, 16: 79–104.Google Scholar
Entomological Information Services. 1998. Nomina Insecta Nearctica: a checklist of the insects of North America. Vol. 2: Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Trichoptera [online]. Edited by Poole, R W. and Gentili, P.. Available from www.nearctica.com/nomina/wasps/hymenop.htm [accessed 13 Nov 2006].Google Scholar
Evans, G.A. 1999. A new species of Cirrospilus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and two new synonymies of parasitoids reared from the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Florida Entomologist, 82: 448–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H.J., Sarjan, R.J., and Brodersen, H. 1985. Results of forest insect and disease surveys in the central region of Ontario, 1984. Miscellaneous Report 22, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Canadian Forestry Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.Google Scholar
Fauna Europaea Web Service. 2005. Fauna Europaea. Version 1.2 [online]. Available from http://www.faunaeur.org [accessed 13 Nov 2006].Google Scholar
Fiori, B.J., and Craig, D.W. 1987. Relationship between color intensity of leaf supernatants from resistant and susceptible birch trees and rate of oviposition by the birch leafminer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 80: 1331–1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiori, B.J., and Dolan, D.D. 1984. Resistance of Betula davurica to the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 116: 1275–1276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, N., and LaSalle, J. 2005. A new species of Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of serpentine leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in southeast Asia. Zootaxa, 1044: 27–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, R.B. 1931. Life history and control of the birch leaf-mining sawfly, Fenusa pumila Klug. Journal of Economic Entomology, 24: 171–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, R.B. 1933. The birch leaf-mining sawfly Fenusa pumila Klug. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 348. pp. 293–364.Google Scholar
Fuester, R.W., Taylor, P.B., Day, W.H., Hendrickson, R.M. Jr., and Blumenthal, E.M. 1984. Introduction of exotic parasites for biological control of the birch leafminer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in the middle Atlantic states. Journal of Economic Entomology, 77: 1565–1570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goulet, H. 1992. The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 20. The genera and subgenera of the sawflies of Canada and Alaska: Hymenoptera: Symphyta. Publication 1876, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Govaerts, R., and Bopp, W. 1998. World checklist of the Betulacea [online]. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. Available from http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ [accessed 3 April 2008].Google Scholar
Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1988. The remains of Nees von Esenbeck's collection of Hymenoptera in the University Museum, Oxford. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 124: 19–36.Google Scholar
Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1993. The identity of some species of Chalcidoidea (Hym.) described by Nees von Esenbeck (1834) with new synonymy. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 129: 221–230.Google Scholar
Graham, M.W.R. de V., and LaSalle, J. 1991. New synonymy in European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) including designation of some neotypes, lectotypes and new combinations. Entomologist's Gazette, 42: 89–96.Google Scholar
Grissell, E.E. 1995. Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, generic classification, and annotated world catalog of species. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 57: 1–470.Google Scholar
Guèvremont, H.C., and Quednau, F.W. 1977. Introduction de parasites ichneumonides pour la lutte biologique contre Fenusa pusilla (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) au Québec. The Canadian Entomologist, 109: 1545–1548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gumovsky, A. 2001. The status of some genera allied to Chrysonotomyia and Closterocerus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae), with description of a new species from Dominican amber. Phegea, 29(4): 125–142.Google Scholar
Hansson, C. 1985. Taxonomy and biology of the Palearctic species of Chrysocharis Förster, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum No. 26.Google Scholar
Hansson, C. 1987. Revision of the New World species of Chrysocharis Förster (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum No. 31.Google Scholar
Hansson, C. 1990. A taxonomic study on the Palaearctic species of Chrysonotomyia Ashmead and Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 20: 29–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, C. 1994. Re-evaluation of the genus Closterocerus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of the Nearctic species. Entomologica Scandinavica, 25: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, C. 1995. Revision of the Nearctic species of Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 26: 27–46.Google Scholar
Hoch, W.A., Zeldin, E.L., and McCown, B.H. 2000. Resistance to the birch leafminer Fenusa pusilla (Hymenoptera: Tenthredindae) within the genus Betula. Journal of Economic Entomology, 93: 1810–1813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horstmann, K. 1977. Bemerkungen zur Systematik einiger Gattungen der Campopleginae II (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitteilungen Münchener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 67: 65–83.Google Scholar
Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2008. Integrated Taxonomic Information System [online]. Available from http://www.itis.gov. [accessed 2 April 2008].Google Scholar
Jones, J.M., and Raske, A.G. 1976. Notes on the biology of the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lep.), in Newfoundland (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Phytoprotection, 57: 69–76.Google Scholar
Kenis, M., and Carl, K. 1996. Birch leafmining sawflies (Fenusa pusilla (Lepeltier) and Profenusa thomsoni (Konow)). In Annual report of the International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, to the Canadian Forest Service. Edited by Kenis, M., Carl, K., and Aydam, M. El. CABI Publishing, European Station, Delémont, Switzerland. pp. 34–35.Google Scholar
Koponen, S. 1973. On the mining insects of the mountain birch in northernmost Fennoscandia. Report of the Kevo Subarctic Research Station No. 10. pp. 14–19.Google Scholar
Krombein, K.V., Hurd, P.D. Jr., Smith, D.R., and Burks, B.D. 1979. Catalogue of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, District of Columbia.Google Scholar
Langor, D.W., Digweed, S.C., Williams, D.J.M., Spence, J.R., and Saunders, C. 2000. Establishment and spread of two introduced parasitoids (Ichneumonidae) of the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Tenthredinidae). BioControl, 45: 415–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langor, D.W., Digweed, S.C., and Spence, J.R. 2002. Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), birch leafminer, and Profenusa thomsoni (Konow), ambermarked birch leafminer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981–2000. Edited by Mason, P.G. and Huber, J.T.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 123–127.Google Scholar
Lindquist, O.H. 1959. A key to the larvae of leafmining sawflies on birch in Ontario with notes on their biology. The Canadian Entomologist, 91: 625–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, O.H., and Thomson, M.J. 1970. The biology of a birch leaf miner, Messa nana (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), new to Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 102: 108–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liston, A.D. 1981. Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) in the Netherlands (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologische Berichten, 41(5): 65–66.Google Scholar
MacQuarrie, C.J.K. 2008. Invasion history, population dynamics and biological control of Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) in Alaska. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
MacQuarrie, C.J.K., Langor, D.W., and Sperling, F.A.H. 2007. Origin of invasive birch sawflies, Profenusa thomsoni, Scolioneura vicina, and Scolioneura betuleti in North America. The Canadian Entomologist, 139: 545–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J.L. 1960. The bionomics of Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) a leaf-mining sawfly on Betula spp. The Canadian Entomologist, 92: 376–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, K., Wittwer, D., Zogas, K., Holsten, E., Trummer, L., Schulz, B., Hennon, P., Schultz, M., Burnside, R., and Gorham, M. 1997. Forest insect and disease conditions in Alaska — 1997. General Technical Report R10-TP-70, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska.Google Scholar
Matthysse, J.G., and Naegele, J.A. 1952. Control of several tree and shrub leaf miners. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45: 377–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McQueen, R.L. 1996. Management of birch leaf miners (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in northern cities. M.Sc. thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.Google Scholar
Miller, C.D. 1970. The Nearctic species of Pnigalio and Sympiesis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada No. 68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noyes, J.S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea database [online]. Available from www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html [accessed 13 November 2006].Google Scholar
Nystrom, K.L., and Evans, H.J. 1989. Biological notes on a birch leaf edgeminer, Scolioneura betuleti (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), new to North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 120: 17–24.Google Scholar
Peirson, H.B. 1929. Observations on the birch leaf mining sawfly. Journal of Economic Entomology, 22: 588–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peirson, H.B., and Brower, A.E. 1936. Biology and control of the birch leaf-mining sawfly. Maine Forest Service Bulletin No. 11.Google Scholar
Pezzolesi, L.S.W., and Hager, B.J. 1994. Ant predation on two species of birch leaf-mining sawflies. The American Midland Naturalist, 131: 156–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pieronek, B., and Soltyk, D. 1993. Zespoly rośliniarek (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) minujących liście brzozy (Betula L.) w Ogrodzie Botanicznym w Krakowie. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 62: 35–44.Google Scholar
Pinto, J.D. 1998. Systematics of the North American species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington, 22: 1–287.Google Scholar
Pschorn-Walcher, H., and Altenhofer, E. 1989. The parasitoid community of leaf-mining sawflies (Fenusini and Heterarthrini): a comparative analysis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 222: 37–56.Google Scholar
Quednau, F.W. 1984. Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), birch leafminer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). In Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada, 1969–1980. Edited by Kelleher, J.S. and Hulme, M.A.. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, United Kingdom. pp. 291–294.Google Scholar
Raske, A.G., and Jones, R.N. 1975. Introduction of parasitoids of the birch leaf-mining sawfly into Newfoundland. Canadian Department of the Environment Bi-monthly Research Notes, 31(2): 20–21.Google Scholar
Rose, A.H., and Lindquist, O.H. 1997. Insects of eastern hardwood trees (revised by K. Nystrom). Forestry Technical Report 29, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.Google Scholar
Ross, H.H. 1937. A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois Biological Monographs No. 15.Google Scholar
Schauff, M.E. 1985. Taxonomic study of the Nearctic species of Elachertus Spinola (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 87: 843–858.Google Scholar
Schönrogge, K., and Altenhofer, E. 1992. On the biology and larval parasitoids of the leaf-mining sawflies Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) and P. pygmaea (Konow) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 128: 99–108.Google Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1958. Thimet soil treatments for the control of leaf miners. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51: 245–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1959. Thimet soil treatments for control of leaf miners, galls and lace bugs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52: 712–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1960. Systemic insecticides for control of scales, leaf miners and lace bugs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 53: 406–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1961. Control of leaf miners. Connecticut Agriculture Experiment Station Circular No. 215. pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1962. Tests of systemics for control of birch leaf miner. Journal of Economic Entomology, 55: 562–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1964. Control of birch leaf miner with systemics. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57: 761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1966. Tests of systemic insecticides for control of insect pests of ornamentals. Journal of Economic Entomology, 59: 983–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schread, J.C. 1968. Leafminers and their control. Bulletin of the Connecticut Agriculture Experiment Station No. 693. pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
Shaw, M.R. 1981. Some records of Profenusa thomsoni (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in SE England. Entomologist's Gazette, 32: 12.Google Scholar
Shaw, M.R. 1983. On evolution of endoparasitism: the biology of some genera of Rogadinae (Braconidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 20: 307–328.Google Scholar
Shaw, M.R., and Huddleston, T. 1991. Classification and biology of braconid wasps. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. 7. Part 11.Google Scholar
Shenefelt, R.D. 1975. Braconidae. Part 8. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nova editio). Vol. 12. pp. 1115–1262.Google Scholar
Smith, D.R. 1971. Nearctic sawflies. III. Heterarthrinae: adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Technical Bulletin 1420, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, District of Columbia.Google Scholar
Smith, D.R. 1981. Studies on the leaf-mining sawflies of the tribe Fenusini in Asia (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 83: 763–771.Google Scholar
Snyder, C., MacQuarrie, C.J.K., Zogas, K., Kruse, J.J., and Hard, J. 2007. Invasive species in the last frontier: distribution and phenology of birch leaf mining sawflies in Alaska. Journal of Forestry, 105: 113–119.Google Scholar
Taeger, A., and Blank, S.M. 1996. Kommentäre zur Taxonomie der Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 46: 251–275.Google Scholar
Taeger, A., and Blank, S.M. 2006. ECatSym — electronic world catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Data version 2 (August 11, 2006) [online]. Digital Entomological Information, Müncheberg, Germany. Available from http://www.zalf.de/home_zalf/institute/dei/php_e/ecatsym/ecatsym.php [accessed 13 November 2006].Google Scholar
Thompson, W.R. 1944. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 1. Parasite host catalogue. Part 4. Parasites of the Hymenoptera, Isopoda and Isoptera. Parasite Service, Institute of Entomology, Imperial Agricultural Bureaux, Belleville, Ontario.Google Scholar
Togashi, I. 1981. The Japanese sawflies of the genus Profenusa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), with description of three new species. Kontyû, 49: 408–413.Google Scholar
Togashi, I. 1992. Three new species of the genus Heterarthrus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 60: 851–856.Google Scholar
Townes, H. 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae. Part 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute (Gainesville) No. 11.Google Scholar
Tuomi, J., Niemelä, P., and Mannila, R. 1981. Leaves as islands: interactions of Scolioneura betuleti (Hymenoptera) miners in birch leaves. Oikos, 37: 146–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Achterberg, C. 1983. Revisionary notes on the Palaearctic genera and species of the tribe Exothecini Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 57: 339–355.Google Scholar
van Driesche, R.G., Childs, R., Casagrande, R.A., and Tewksbury, L. 1997. Establishment, distribution, and impact in southern New England of Lathrolestes nigricollis (Thompson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an introduced parasitoid of the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 129: 601–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viramo, J. 1969. Zur Kenntnis der Minierfauna Finnlands: über die Wirtspflanzen und die Verbreitung der minierenden Blattwespen (Hym., Tenthredinoidea). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 35: 3–44.Google Scholar
Wahl, D. 1999. Classification and systematics of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) [online]. Available from http://iris.biosci.ohio-state.edu/catalogs/ichneumonids/master_list2.html [accessed 13 November 2006].Google Scholar
Watson, W.Y. 1959. The larva of Profenusa alumna (MacG.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 91: 618–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wharton, R.A., Marsh, P.M., and Sharkey, M.J. 1997. Manual of the New World genera of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Special Publication No. 1, International Society of Hymenopterists, Washington, District of Columbia.Google Scholar
Wittwer, D., Zogas, K., Holsten, E., Burnside, R., Schultz, M., Hennon, P., Trummer, L., Shephard, M., and Rose, C. 2003. Forest insect and disease conditions in Alaska — 2002. General Technical Report R10-TP-113, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Alaska Region, Anchorage, Alaska.Google Scholar
Yoshimoto, C.M. 1973. Review of North American Chrysocharis (Kratochviliana) (Eulophidae: Chalcidoidea) north of Mexico, especially species attacking birch casebearer (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae) and birch leafminer (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 105: 1309–1349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshimoto, C.M. 1978. Revision of the subgenus Achrysocharella Girault of America north of Mexico (Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae: Chrysonotomyia Ashmead). The Canadian Entomologist, 110: 697–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshimoto, C.M. 1983. Review of North American Pnigalio Schrank (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 115: 971–1000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhelokhovtsev, A.H. 1994. Tribe Heterarthrini. In Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. III. Hymenoptera. Part VI. Symphyta. Edited by Tobias, V.I. and Zinov'ev, A.G.. Brill, E.J., Leiden, Germany. pp. 297–318.Google Scholar
Zwakhals, C.J. 1987. Revision of the genus Alophosternum Cushman with a new species from Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae). Entomologische Berichten, 47(7): 108–111.Google Scholar