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Colonization of cut branches of five coniferous hosts of the pitch canker fungus by Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in central, coastal California

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Nadir Erbilgin ,
Andrew J. Storer ,
David L. Wood  and
Thomas R. Gordon
Nadir Erbilgin*
Affiliation:
140 Mulford Hall, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States of America
Andrew J. Storer
Affiliation:
School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States of America
David L. Wood
Affiliation:
137 Mulford Hall, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States of America
Thomas R. Gordon
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
*
1Corresponding author (e-mail: erbilgin@nature.berkeley.edu).
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Abstract

Pitch canker of pines (Pinus spp.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) (Pinaceae) is caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell. In California, infections by F. circinatum occur largely through wounds caused by insects. Field experiments were initiated to determine whether the colonization activities of twig beetles, Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), could explain the incidence of pitch canker on Monterey pine (P. radiata D. Don), Bishop pine (P. muricata D. Don), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa Dougl.), knobcone pine (P. attenuata Lemm.), and Douglas-fir. Asymptomatic branches were cut from each of four pairs of tree species (Monterey–Bishop, Monterey–ponderosa, Monterey–knobcone, Monterey–Douglas-fir) at four sites and attached to the lower canopy of both heterospecific and conspecific host trees (total of four combinations per pair). After 10 weeks, branches were collected and placed in rearing tubes in the laboratory. Emerging insects were identified and placed on a Fusarium-selective medium. Monterey, Bishop, and ponderosa pines were more heavily infested by Pityophthorus spp. than Douglas-fir and knobcone pine. Furthermore, more Pityophthorus beetles emerged from Monterey pine branches placed in Monterey pine canopies than from Monterey pine branches placed in Bishop or ponderosa pine canopies, indicating that reduced emergence (colonization) was caused by the hetero specific host. Relatively fewer insects emerged from sites containing either Monterey and knobcone pines or Monterey pine and Douglas-fir. Fusarium circinatum was not isolated from emerging Pityophthorus spp. Susceptibility of the five host species, based on mean lesion lengths resulting from mechanical inoculations, varied significantly. The longest lesions were on Monterey pine and the shortest were on ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. The low incidence of pitch canker on Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine in nature compared with that on Monterey, Bishop, and knobcone pines may be explained by the low colonization by twig beetles and the greater resistance of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine to this disease, compared with the other three hosts.

Résumé

Le chancre résineux des pins (Pinus spp.) et du sapin de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) (Pinaceae) est causé par le champignon Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg et O'Donnell. En Californie, les infections de F. circinatum pénètrent surtout par des plaies faites par les insectes. Nous avons mis au point des expériences de terrain afin de déterminer si les activités de colonisation des scolytes Pityophthorus spp. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) peuvent expliquer l'incidence du chancre résineux chez le pin de Monterey (P. radiata D. Don), le pin muriqué (P. muricata D. Don), le pin ponderosa (P. ponderosa var. ponderosa Dougl.), le pin à cônes pointus (P. attenuata Lemm.) et le sapin de Douglas. Nous avons coupé des branches asymptotiques de chacune de quatre paires d'espèces d'arbres (Monterey–muriqué, Monterey–ponderosa, Monterey–cônes pointus, Monterey–Douglas) à quatre sites et les avons attachées à la ramure inférieure d'arbres hôtes de même espèce et d'espèces différentes (un total de quatre combinaisons par paire). Les branches ont été récoltées au bout de 10 semaines et placées dans des tubes d'élevage en laboratoire. Les insectes qui ont émergé ont été identifiés et placés sur un milieu de culture spécifique à Fusarium. Les pins Monterey, muriqué, et ponderosa étaient plus fortement infestés par Pityophthorus spp. que le sapin de Douglas et le pin à cônes pointus. De plus, un plus grand nombre de Pityophthorus ont émergé de branches de pins de Monterey placées dans des ramures de pins de Monterey que de branches de pins de Monterey placées dans des ramures de pins muriqués ou ponderosa, ce qui laisse croire que l'émergence (colonisation) réduite est due à l'hôte d'espèce différente. Relativement moins d'insectes ont émergé des sites contenant ou bien les pins de Monterey et à cônes pointus ou alors le pin de Monterey et le sapin de Douglas. Nous n'avons pas isolé de Fusarium circinatum chez les Pityophthorus spp. en émergence. La susceptibilité des cinq espèces d'hôtes, déterminée par la longueur moyenne des lésions causées par les inoculations mécaniques, varie de façon significative. Les lésions les plus longues se retrouvent sur les pins de Monterey et les plus courtes sur les pins ponderosa et les sapins de Douglas. La faible incidence du chancre résineux sur le sapin de Douglas et le pin ponderosa en nature par rapport à celle sur les pins de Monterey, muriqués et à cônes pointus peut s'expliquer par la faible colonisation des scolytes sur le sapin Douglas et le pin ponderosa et par la plus grande résistance de ces arbres à la maladie par comparaison aux trois autres hôtes.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 137 , Issue 3 , June 2005 , pp. 337 - 349
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2005

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