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ACROCERID (INSECTA: DIPTERA) LIFE HISTORIES, BEHAVIORS, HOST SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEIDA), AND DISTRIBUTION RECORDS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Alan Cady ,
Robin Leech ,
Louis Sorkin ,
Gail Stratton  and
Michael Caldwell
Alan Cady
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, Miami University-Middletown, Middletown, Ohio, USA 45042
Robin Leech
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E3
Louis Sorkin
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York, USA 10024-5192
Gail Stratton
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Albion College, Albion, Michigan, USA 49224
Michael Caldwell
Affiliation:
Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 2K6
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Abstract

The family Acroceridae (Insecta: Diptera; "Small Headed Flies") are a seldom seen yet cosmopolitan group of endoparasitoids of spiders. Recent host and distribution records are presented here for six species of acrocerids: Ogcodes borealis Cole, 1919; Ogcodes pallidipennis (Loew, 1866); Opcodes sp.; Acrocera bimaculata Loew, 1866; Turbopsebius sulphuripes (Loew, 1869); and Exetasis eickstedtae Schlinger, 1972. New hosts for each fly species are; O. borealis—Schizocosa rovneri Uetz and Dondale, 1979, Pardosa spp.; O. pallidipennis—Schizocosa rovneri, Schizocosa spp.; OgcodesSp.—Anyphaena californica (Banks, 1904); Acrocera bimaculata—Coras montanus (Emerton, 1890b); T. sulphuripes—C. montanus.Detailed field measurements and behavioral observations of host spiders and fly development are described and compared with known data. Examination of these comparisons suggests that host–parasitoid relationships follow spider guild associations (i.e. ground/surface dwelling hosts or those building webs in close contact with surfaces), especially with the spider family Agelenidae. These affiliations probably result from a combination of the spider’s web building, web maintenance, hunting behaviors, and fly oviposition activities, which dispose spiders exhibiting these behaviors to greater chances for parasitoidism. These factors act in concert to increase probabilities for host–parasitoid interactions. Compiled data indicate duration of pupation may be related to ambient temperature. Evidence is presented that acrocerid larvae may alter their hosts’ behavior to increase the parasitoids’ probability of survival.

Résumé

La famille des Acroceridae (Insecta : Diptera; "mouches à petite tête") constitue un groupe d’insectes rarement vus et pourtant cosmopolites, parasites d’araignées. On trouvera ici une liste de données récentes sur les hôtes et les répartitions de six espèces d’acrocères : Ogcodes borealis Cole, 1919, Ogcodes pallidipennis (Loew, 1866), Ogcodes sp., Acrocera bimaculata Loew, 1866, Turbopsebius sulphuripes (Loew, 1869) et Exetasis eickstedtae Schlinger, 1972. Pour chacune de ces espèces, les nouveaux hôtes rencontrés sont : dans le cas d’O. borealis, Schizocosa rovneri Uetz et Dondale, 1979 et Pardosa spp., dans le cas d’O. pallidipennis, Schizocosa rovneri et Schizocosa spp., dans le cas d’Ogcodes sp., Anyphaena californica (Banks, 1904), dans le cas d’Acrocera bimaculata, Coras montanus (Emerton, 1890b) et dans le cas de T. sulphuripes, C. montanus.Des mesures détaillées et des observations du comportement des araignées hôtes recueillies sur le terrain sont présentées ici et comparées aux données de la littérature. Les comparaisons indiquent que les relations hôtes–parasitoïdes se font en fonction des guildes d’araignées (i.e. hôtes habitant dans le sol ou en surface ou hôtes construisant des toiles très près de surfaces), et impliquent surtout des araignées de la famille des Agelenidae. Ces affiliations résultent probablement de la combinaison de facteurs associés aux araignées, construction de la toile, entretien de la toile, comportement de chasse, et de l’activité de ponte chez les acrocères, et elles prédisposent les araignées qui manifestent ces comportements à une probabilité plus grande d’être parasitées. Ces facteurs agissent de concert pour augmenter la probabilité des interactions hôtes–parasitoïdes. Les données indiquent que la durée de la nymphose peut être reliée à la température ambiante. Une larve d’acrocère peut parasiter un hôte à n’importe quel stade. Une larve qui parasite une araignée qui n’a pas atteint l’avant-dernier stade reste ordinairement quiescente jusqu’à ce que l’araignée atteigne son stade terminal, alors qu’une larve qui infecte une araignée d’avant-dernier stade ou de stade adulte se met à se nourrir immédiatement.

[Traduit par la rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 125 , Issue 5 , October 1993 , pp. 931 - 944
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1993

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