Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-dwq4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-27T11:55:32.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Collective Amnesia” of Europe v. Engagement with Asia: Forging a Middle Path for Australia in the Age of Regionalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2017

Extract

“A country at odds with its region will be a defensive, anxious society, and one which is likely to be dependent on heavy defence expenditure. It will be a country, too, that will be unable to exploit fully its commercial and other potential”

“… the collective amnesia concerning Europe in otherwise well-informed circles in Australia is a debilitating disease. It creates a lethargy where there is opportunity. It is blind to potential difficulties. It squanders a still-important reservoir of good will. Above all, it is a denial of identity. No group can be free until it recognises and comes to terms with its past, whether it likes it or not”.

These two quotations, which appeared in articles published only twelve years apart, illustrate the complexity of contemporary challenges facing Australia’s international relations policy makers. It addresses the riddle of how to posit a still dominantly (ethnically and culturally speaking) European society, but one, which is located geographically nearer Asia, within the intricate web of inter-state intercourse which has become a hallmark of the modern world. The dilemma is, of course, far from new, but it has taken on enhanced proportions with the rise of regionalism, and the dissection of the planet into inter-governmental blocks.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Centre for European Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Milner, A.What is Left of Engagement with Asia?54 (2) (2000) Australian Journal of International Affairs 177 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 183. See similarly Rupert Murdoch, interviewed by Sheridan G. in The Australian 9 November 1999 in the article entitled “Be a Hard Hardnosed Nation: Murdoch”.

2 Groom, A.J.R.A Case of Collective Amnesia42 (1) (1989) Australian Outlook 1, 13 Google Scholar.

3 Wesley, M.The politics of exclusion: Australia, Turkey and definitions of regionalism10 (4) (1997) The Pacific Review 523 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Eg Probert, B. “Growing Underclass Demands a Fairer Australia” Sydney Morning Herald 14 March 2001.

5 Habermas, J.Citizenship and National Identity: Some Future Reflections on the Future of Europe” in Beiner, R. (ed) Theorising Citizenship (1995) 255 Google Scholar, 264.

6 Ibid at 277.

7 Ibid at 264.

8 Jupp, J.From ‘White Australia’ to ‘Part of Asia’: Recent Shifts in Australian Immigration Policy Towards the Region29 (1) International Immigration Review 207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 207.

9 Probert above n 4.

10 Ibid.

11 De Maria W. “We interrupt this lecture for a word from our sponsors” The Sydney Morning Herald 29 March 2001. See also by the same author Deadly Disclosures: Whistleblowing and the Ethical Meltdown of Australia (Wakefield Press, 1999 ).

12 Fraser M. “Erase the twin blots on our rights record” The Age 22 March 2001.

13 “Scanorama” Dec. 2000/Jan 2001.

14 Nesdurai, H.E.S.APEC: A tool for US regional domination?9 (1) The Pacific Review (1996) 31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 34.

15 Dent, C.The EU-East Asia Economic Relationship: the Persisting Weak Triache Link4 (1999) European Foreign Affairs Review 371 Google Scholar, 383.

16 In the EU context see in particular Title VIII of the EC Treaty on employment, and Directive 93/104 on Working Time OJ 1993 L 307/8. For further legislative initiatives see eg the Directive 77/187 on the rights of workers in the event of transfer of undertakings OJ 1997 L 61/26, the Directive 80/987 guaranteeing employees salaries in the event of employer’s insolvency OJ 1980 L 283/23.

17 In the EU context see eg Regulation N0 118/97 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons, self-employed persons and members of their families moving within the Community OJ 1997 L28/1.

18 In the EU context see in particular Title XIII of the EC Treaty on “Public Health”.

19 In the EU context see in particular Title XI of the EC treaty on “Social Policy, Education, Vocational Training, and Youth”.

20 For a comparative study see M. Longo “Cooperative Federalism in Australia and the European Union: Cross Pollinating the Green Ideal” Federal Law Review http//:law.anu.edu.au/publications/flr/vol25nol/longo.htm

21 In the EU context see in particular Title XIX of the EC Treaty.

22 Milner, A.What is Left of Engagement with Asia54 (2) 2000 Australian Journal of International Affairs 177 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 181-183.

23 McCawley, P.Australia’s Misconceptions of ASEAN” in Dibb, P. (ed.) Australia’s External Relations in the 1980’s (1983) 84 Google Scholar, 86.

24 See Wesley above n 3 at 533.

25 See e.g. Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, quoted in Milner, above n 22 at 180.

26 Some of which are chronicled by Milner ibid.

27 Higgott, R.A and Nossal, K.RThe International Politics of Liminality: Relocating Australia in the Asia Pacific32 (2) Australian Journal of Political Science 169 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 183.

28 Ibid.

29 Quoted from Soestra, H.ASEAN and APEC: do concentric circles work8 The Pacific Review (1995) 475 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 479.

30 Higgott, R. and Stubbs, R.Competing Conceptions of Economic Regionalism: Apec Versus EAEC in the Asia Pacific2:3 (1995) Review of International Political Economy 516 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 532; Prime Minister Mohathir Mohamad of Malaysia “ASEAN in the 1990s and Beyond” 24 (1991) Foreign Affairs Malaysia and Beyond 71; Soesastro ibid; Nesadurai above n 14.

31 Wesley above n 3 at 529.

32 Chandra “APEC Serves Interests of US More Than Others” New Straits Times, 29 July 1993, quoted in Higgott and Stubbs above n 30 at 526; see also Wesley above n 3 at 533.

33 Wesley above n 3 at 529.

34 Two way trade in merchandise between Australia and the EU amounted in 1999/2000 to $AUS 36.4bn, while trade in services came to $AUS 12 bn. This amounted to around 20% of the total of Australian overseas trade for both sectors. See http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/australia/intor/index.htm.

35 Since 2000, however, the EU has allocated a modest budget line for co-operation with developed states. Funds from this source will be used to support a European Studies Centre at the ANU. For a detailed discussion of the place of the so-called “human rights clause” in EU external relations see e.g. Rosas, A. and Bradtner, B.Human Rights and the External Relations of the European Community: An Analysis of Doctrine and Practice9 (1998) EJIL 468 Google Scholar; Ward, A.Trade and Cooperation Between the European Union and Third States: a Viable Matrix for Uniform Human Rights Standards?3 (1998) European Foreign Affairs Review 505 Google Scholar; Riedel, A. and Will, M.Human Rights Clauses and External Agreements of the EC” in Alston, P. (ed.), The EU and Human Rights (Oxford, OUP, 1999)Google Scholar.

36 On 14 December 2000 Mr Peter Cook, the shadow Minister for Trade, made an announcement at Melbourne University on the Australian Labour Party’s policy on the EU and human rights. He said that, if his party were elected, they would enter into negotiations with the EU to strike a co-operation agreement containing the human rights clause, and would institute inter-parliamentary dialogue on human rights issues with the European Parliament.

37 Elijah, A., Murray, P. and O’Brien, C.Divergence and Convergence:The Development of European Union Australia Relations” No. 3, 2000 CERC Working Paper Series, 1 Google Scholar.

38 A comprehensive analysis is beyond the scope of this study, but see e.g Piening C. Global Europe: the European Union in World Affairs (1997); MacLeod, I., Hendry, D., and Hyett, S. The External Relations of the European Communities (Oxford, OUP, 1996)Google Scholar; Cremona, M.The European Union as an International Actor: The Issues of Flexibility and Linkage3 (1998) European Foreign Affairs Review 67 Google Scholar; Dashwood, A.and Hillion, C. (eds) The General Law of EC External Relations (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2000)Google Scholar.

39 The Asian participating states of ASEM are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phillipines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Vietnam. The remaining three members of ASEAN, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, are not participants of ASEM. For commentaries on the ASEM process see eg. Camroux, D and Lechervy, C.Encounter of a third kind?: the inaugural Asia-Europe Meeting of March 19969 (3) 1996 The Pacific Review 441 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Serradell, V.PThe Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM): A Historical Turning Point in Relations Between the Two Regions2 (1996) European Foreign Affairs Review 185 Google Scholar; McMahon, J.ASEAN and the ASIA-Europe Meeting: Strengthening the European Union’s Relationship with South east Asia?3 (1998) European Foreign Affairs Review 233 Google Scholar; Reiterer, M.ASEM—The Third Summit in Seoul: a Roadmap to Consolidate the Partnership Between Asia and Europe6 (2001) European Foreign Affairs Review 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the most recent Commission policy document on the future of ASEM see “Perspectives and Priorties for the ASEM Process (Asia Europe Meeting) Into the New Decade” COM (2000) 241 final, 18 April 2000.

40 E.g. De Léon, I. and Morales, M.From Aid to Trade: A New Appraisal of the Economic Relations between the European Union and Latin America2 (1997) European Foreign Affairs Review 63 Google Scholar; Borba Casella, P. and Lorenzetti Marques, E.European Union-MERCOSUR Relations: A Critical Overview2 (1997) European Foreign Affairs Review 455 Google Scholar; da Cruz Vilaça, J.L and Manuel Sobrino Heredia, J.The European Union and the Transformation of the Andean Pact into the Andean Community: From the Trujillo Protocol to the Sucre Act3 (1998) European Foreign Affairs Review 13 Google Scholar; Bessa-Rodrigues, P.European Union-MERCOSUL: in Search of a New Relationship ?4 (1999) European Foreign Affairs Review 81 Google Scholar; Grisanti, L.X.Europe and Latin America: The Challenge of a Strategic Partnership5 (2000) European Foreign Affairs Review 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 See e.g Mahncke, D.The Role of the USA in Europe: Successful Past but Uncertain Future?4 (1999) European Foreign Affairs Review 353 Google Scholar.

43 See Piening above n 38 at 68 to 78; MacLeod Hyett and Hendry above n 38 at 383–386. Edwards, G. and Philippart, E.The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Fragmentation and Reconstruction2 (1997) European Foreign Affairs Review 465 Google Scholar.

45 Piening above n 38 at 98. See pages 108 to 112 for a general discussion of the New Transatlantic Agenda.

46 Piening above n 38 at 112. For a useful study of Canadian constitutionalism see Edward, D. and Lane, C.European Union and the Canadian Experience5 (1985) YBEL, 1 Google Scholar.

47 OJ 1998 L 284/37.

48 OJ 2000 L 71/8.

49 OJ 1997 L 222/17.

50 OJ 1999 L 31/3.

51 OJ 1998 L 118/3.

52 OJ 1995 L 132.

53 Dent above n 15 at 374.

54 Dent ibid.

55 Commission Working Document “Perspectives and Priorities for the ASEM Process (Asia Europe Meeting) into the new decade” above n 39 at 2.

56 Ibid.

57 McMahon above n 39 at 250.

58 Regulation 443/92 [1994] OJ L52/1.

59 “A Long Term Policy for China-Europe Relations” COM (95) 279 final. See more recently “Building a Comprehensive Partnership with China” COM (1998) 171 final. See also the Commission’s Report on the Implementation of the 1998 Communication “Building a Comprehensive Partnership with China” http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/china/intro/index/htm. See more recently “Report on the Implementation of the Communication ‘Building a Comprehensive Partnership with China COM (1998) 181’” COM 2000 552 final; “EU Strategies Toward China: Implementation of the 1998 Communication and Future Steps for a More Effective EU Policy” COM 2001 265 final.

60 OJ 1985 L250/2.

62 For detailed discussion of the early history of EU/Latin America relations see Piening above n 38 at 119–123; Bessa-Rodrigues above n 40 at 82–85. For an overview of EU/Latin American relations go to http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/la/index.htm.

63 Piening ibid at 121.

64 South America is presently divided up into the following groupings: MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, with Chile being associate members); the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuala); the Central American Common Market (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua); the group of three (Colombia, Mexico and Venezuala) who signed a free trade agreement on 1994. Note also that Mexico is a member of NAFTA, Chile has signed an FTA with each of the members of the group of three, and in 1998 Mercosur and the Andean Community completed a framework agreement which calls for the establishment of a South America-wide free trade zone. For a discussion see Grisanti above n 40.

65 da Cruz Vilaça and Sobrino Heredia above n 40.

66 Dauster, J.MERCOSUR and the European Union: Prospects for an Inter-Regional Association3 (1998) European Foreign Affairs Review 447 Google Scholar.

67 Piening above n 38 at 125.

68 Ibid at 126.

69 Bessa-Rodrigues above n 40 at 87.

70 Piening above n 38 at 128.

71 Bessa-Rodrigues above n 40 at 84.

72 Fohla De São Paulo, 8 April 1998, 1. Cited in Bessa-Rodriguez above n 40 at 89.

73 See in particular Regulation 443/92 [1994] OJ L 52/1.

74 Bessa-Rodrigues above n 40 at 95.

75 For a summary see ibid at 87.

76 Groom above n 2 at 1 and 13.

78 Ibid Part 4.

79 Ibid.

80 Ibid.

82 Ibid.

83 Ibid.

84 Elijah, Murray, and O’Brien above n 37 at 23.

85 Ibid.

86 Delegation of the EU in Australia “EU-Australia Relations: the Economic and Trade Partnership” http://www.ecdel.org.au/EUAustraliaRelations/BdB-econ.htm.

87 Ibid.

88 Ibid.

89 Ibid.

90 Ibid. For a detailed summary of DFAT and EU Commission trade statistics see Elijah, Murray and O’Brien above n 37 at 16 to 20.

91 For a detailed review of this history of confrontation see eg Benvenuti, A.Australia’s Battle Against the Common Agricultural Policy: the Fraser Government’s Trade Diplomacy and the European Community45 (1999) Australian Journal of Politics and History 181 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

92 Jenkins R. European Diary (1989) at 272, cited in Benvenuti ibid at 187.

93 Burnett, A. Australia and the European Communties in the 1980s (1983), 2 Google Scholar.

94 Renouf, A. The Frightened Country (1979) at 496 Google Scholar. Cited in Benvenuti above n 91 at 182.

95 Groom above n 74 at 3.

96 E. Sharpston QC, “The EU Looking Out: the Common Agricultural Policy” (forth coming).

97 ABC Radio, PM 21 March 2001.

98 Sec. of State for the Colonies Earl Grey, memo desptached to New South Wales in 1849. Cited in Reynolds, H. Why Weren’t We Told (London, Penguin, 2000) 211 Google Scholar.

99 E.g Mabo v. Queensland [No 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1; Wik Peoples and Thayorre People v. Queensland (1996) 187 CLR 1. For a detailed discussion see e.g. Dick, D.Comprehending ‘the genius of the common law’ Native Title in Australia and Canada Compared post-Delgnamuukw5(1) (1998) Australian Journal of Human Rights 79 Google Scholar.

100 Elijah, Murray and O’Brien above n 37 at 31.

101 ABC on line, 6 March 2001.

102 Forwood, W. The European Community and Australia: A Natural Nexus (Monash University Centre for European Studies Occasional paper July 1989) 12 Google Scholar; Csapo, L. 1992: The European Challenge to the World (Monash University Centre for European Studies Occasional Paper July 1989)Google Scholar; Davison, R.Between Europe and Asia: Australia’s Options in the World Economy of the 1990s20 (1991) Melbourne Journal of Politics 40 Google Scholar.

103 Higgott and Stubbs above n 29 at 532. Quoting in Part Wendt, A.Anarchy is What States Make of It46(2) (1992) International Organization 391, 417 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

104 Higgott, R.A.Closing a Branch Office of Empire: Australian Foreign Policy and the UK at Century’s End70(1) International Affairs 41, 53 Google Scholar.

105 Davison above n 102 at 56–57.

106 For a discussion of the details of the relationship see above Part III.

107 See above Part II.

108 Cooper, A.F, Higgott, R.A. and Nossal, K.R Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order (1994).

109 The Hon. SirMason, Anthony AC KBE “European Constitutionalism: lessons for Australia21 (1) (1998) University of New South Wales Law journal 150 Google Scholar; see also Marfourding, A.Federalism and Judicial Review in Germany: Lessons for Australia21 (1) (1998) University of New South Wales Law Journal 155 Google Scholar.

110 E.g. Lindell, G.Invalidity, Disapplication, and the Construction of Acts of Parliament:their Relationship with Parliamentary Sovereignty in the Light of the European Communities Act and the Human Rights Act2 (1999) CYELS 399 Google Scholar.

111 Stalker, A.Free Movement of Goods in the EEC and Australia: A Comparative Study10 (1990) Yearbook of European Law 209 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vittata Puig, G.Free Movement of Goods: the European Experience in the Australian Context75 (2001) The Australian Law journal 639 Google Scholar.

112 Longo above n 20.

113 Portugal v. Australia (1995) ICJRep. 90.

114 This was especially important given doubts over the role of the US in south east Asian Security. As Higgot and Nossal have pointed out, above n 27 at 184 “only in the event of a crisis will Australians know for sure whether their security would be backstopped by the US”.

115 COM (2000) 241 final. On the CFSP see generally Whitman, R.Creating a Foreign Policy for Europe? Implementing the Common Foreign and Security Policy from Maastricht to Amsterdam52 (1998) Australian Journal of International Affairs 165 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

116 Higgott above n 104 at 65.

117 Higgott above n 104 at 61.

118 Wesley above n 3 at 527.

119 Quoted in Probert above n 4.