Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T02:49:08.798Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nikos Gatsos’ Amorgos, topography and the poetics of modernism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

Effie Rentzou*
Affiliation:
Princeton University

Abstract

Nikos Gatsos’ Amorgos is approached here as a polyphonic poem that synthesizes elements of the Greek literary tradition into an intertextual palimpsest of fragments, in the vein of the modernist ‘long poem’. The surrealist poet maintains a fine balance between tradition and radical innovation, shaping Amorgos as a place where poetry is created as an interaction of opposing tendencies. The topical character of the poem is underscored by its title: the sea-and-land imagery evokes the island as a literary topos of seclusion and self-sufficiency that lends its characteristics to the composition itself: a ‘compendium’ of poetic writing and avant-garde aesthetics.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cf.Karandonis, A., Εισαγωγή στη νεώτερη ποίηση (Athens 1958)Google Scholar. Cf. also Politis, L., A History of Modern Greek Literature (Oxford 1973) 246 Google Scholar.

2 Also note the early poems ‘Πήρες…’ and Όχτάστιχα’ in NÉOÍ Εστίν. 11 (1932) 39 and 312, and ‘To χιόνι’ in Ρυθμός (April 1933) 265.

3 Τετράδιο 1 (January 1947) 31.

4 Cf. L. Politis, A History of Modern Greek Literature, 264; Argyriou, A., Διαδοχικές αναγνώσεις Ελλήνων υπερρεαλιστών (Athens 1983) 177 Google Scholar; Lignadis, T., Διπλή επισκεφη σε μια ηλικία και σ’ ¿ναν ποιητή. Ένα βιβλι’ο για τον Νίκο Γκάτσο (Athens 1983)Google Scholar passim; Vitti, M., H γεηά του τριάντα. Ιδεολογι’α кси μορφή (Athens 1984) 272 Google Scholar and Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνίας (Athens 1978) 372; Beaton, R., An Introduction to Modern Greek Literature (Oxford 1994) 194 Google Scholar; Karandonis, Εισαγατγή στη νεώτερη ποίηση, 231; Anagnostakis, M., ‘H Αμοργός του Γκάτσου’, first published in the journal Ξεκίνημα in 1944, then in 7α σομπληρωμαχικά. Σημειώσεις κριτικής (Athens 1985) 13 Google Scholar.

5 Nanos Valaoritis has insisted on this aspect: ‘O μοντερνισμός και τα παρακλάδια του στον Ελληνικό χώρο’ and ‘To χιουμορ στον ελληνικό υπερρεαλισμό’ in Για μια θεωρία της γραφής (Athens 1990) respectively 122-50 and 151-72.

6 Cf. A rather cryptic comment by Karandonis quoted in Argyriou, Αιαδοχικές αναγνώσεις Ελλήνων νπερρεαλιστών, 186, first published in the advertisement for Amorgos under ‘Μερικες γνώμες’ in Καλλιτεχνικά Νεα 24 (20 November 1943) 8: ‘Με την κατανυκτική Αμοργό του N. Γκάτσου, που στις ποφαστάσεις της συνδυάζεται παράξενα η σοβαρή φαντασία με τη δοκιμασμένη ψυχικότητα, η σύγχρονη ελληνική ποίηση, αποκτώντας το γλωσσικό πνεύμονα που της ελειπε, χρωματίζεται γοητευτικά με τα υποβλητικά κοα γνώριμα χρώματα της ζωντανής ποιητικής παράδοσης.’

7 Anagnostakis, ‘H Αμοργός του Γκάτσου’, 13-14.

8 Vitti, Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής λογοτεχνιοις, 372; Beaton, Introduction, 193.

9 Ibid., 372.

10 This is what Northrop Frye calls ‘encyclopaedic poetry’, which in the case of modernism he describes as ‘The paradoxical technique of the poetry which is encyclopaedic yet discontinuous’; see his Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton 1957) 61.

11 Lignadis, Διπλή επίσκεψη σε μια ηλικία. кол a’ ε’ναν ποιητή, 106-46, finds the unity of Amorgos in a linear narrative that connects the six sections to which he gives the following titles: 1) ‘Birth-landscape given by an introductory epic image of the Occupation’, 2) ‘Mission’, 3) ‘Nekyia’, 4) ‘Prophecy’, 5) ‘Radiogram’, and 6) ‘Love discourse’. His structure is not convincing, as these titles do not illuminate the poem as a whole.

12 On this ritual see Loukatos, D., 7a KU.L•Kmpna (Athens 1989) 4360 Google Scholar.

13 At this point Lignadis proposes an allegory of the Trojan war, Αιπλή επίσκεψη az μια ηλικία кси σ’ έναν ποιητή, 118.

14 The references to Heraclitus’ fragments follow the numbering established by Diels and Kranz in Diels, H., Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, ed. Kranz, Walther (Berlin 1934)Google Scholar.

15 Politis, N. G., Εκλογαί από τα τραγούδια του ελληνικού λαον (Athens 1991) 66, no. 47Google Scholar.

16 Cf.Saunier, G., Ελληνικά δημοχικά τρτγούδια: Ta. μοιρολόγνχ (Athens 1999) 5960, 107, 146Google Scholar.

17 For a detailed analysis of the fifteen-syllable verse and its function in Amargos see Letsios, V., ‘Λειτουργίες του δεκαπεντασύλλαβου κατά τη δεκαετία του’ 40: “Αμοργός’”, Ποι’ηση 25 (2005) 301-19Google Scholar.

18 N. G. Politis, Εκλογαί από τα τραγοόδιοί τοο ελλψικού λαοό, 245.

19 Veloudis, G., Αιήγησις Atetavòpon του Λίακεδονος (Athens 1989) xxv Google Scholar.

20 I disagree with Argyriou’s interpretation of Gatsos’ use of katharevousa as an ironic gesture, Διαδοχικές α,ναγνώσεις Ελλήνων υπερρεαλιστών, 180.

21 Malalae, I., Chronographia, ed. Thurn, I. (Berlin 2000) 344-50Google Scholar.

22 Croke, B., ‘Malalas, the man and his work’, in Jeffreys, E., Croke, B., Scott, R. (eds), Studies in John Malalas (Sydney 1990) 11 Google Scholar.

23 Saunier, Ελλψικά δημοτικά τραγουδια, 178.

24 Ibid., 124-6.

25 Breton, A., Œuvres complètes, I (Paris 1988) 346 Google Scholar.

26 Elytis, O., ‘Eva γράμμα για τη σύγχρονη τεχνη’, in Ανοιχτά χαρτιά (Athens 2000) 475 Google Scholar.

27 See on this topic Eburne, J. P., ‘That obscure object of revolt: Heraclitus, surrealism’s lighting conductor’, Sumploke 8, 1-2 (2000) 180204 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Some other references to Heraclitus: Breton in The Communicating Vessels quotes two fragments, Œuvres complètes, II (Paris 1992) 198, 199; Dali, S., ‘L’Ane pourri’, Surréalisme au service de la révolution 1 (1930) 7 Google Scholar; see also a playful ‘definition’ of Heraclitus in Leiris, M., Glossaire, j’y serre mes gloses (Paris 1969) 91: ‘Heraclite: cliquetis éclatant oracle de cratère’Google Scholar.

28 Breton, , Œuvres complètes, II, 814-15Google Scholar (my translation). Maurice Solovine translated and wrote an introduction to a new edition of Heraclitus’ fragments, Doctrines philosophiques (Paris 1931). Cf. also Aragon, L., ‘La philosophie des paratonnères’, La Révolution surréaliste 9-10 (1927) 4554 Google Scholar.

29 Breton, A., ‘Surrealism yesterday, to-day, and tomorrow’, This Quarter 5.1 (1932) 744 Google Scholar.

30 It is worth noting that Heraclitus’ influence was also prevalent amongst modernists such as T. S. Eliot, who chose as epigraphs for his Four Quartets two fragments: ‘Although logos is common to all, most people live as if they had a wisdom of their own’ (Diels and Kranz 2) and ‘The way upward and the way downward are the same’ (Diels and Kranz 60) that we saw already embedded in Amorgos. These fragments had already appeared as epigraphs to ‘Burnt Norton’ when it was first published in Collected Poems 1909-1935 (1936).

31 Valaoritis, ‘To χιουμορ στον ελληνικό υπερρεαλισμό’, 169.

32 ‘La Révolution d’abord et toujours!’, La Révolution surréaliste 5 (October 1925) 31.

33 Politis, N. G., Εκλογαί από τα τρχγούδια. zoo ελλψικού λαού, 26, no. 11 Google Scholar.

34 Ibid., 14, no. 2.

35 Kapsomenos, E., Δημοτικό τραγονδι: Mia. διαφορετική προσέγγιση (Athens, 1996) 7882 Google Scholar.

36 Ibid., 53.

37 Lignadis, Αιπλή επίσκεψη σε џш ηλικία, кал σ’ εναν ποιητή 96.

38 Cf.Kapsomenos, , Αημοτικό τραγούδι, 46, 340-5Google Scholar.

39 Cf.Herzfeld, M., Ή κειμενικότητα του ελληνικού δημοτικού τραγουδιού’, in Πρακτικά τεταρτοο συμποσίοο ποίησης. Αφιέρωμα στο δημοτικό τραγοΰδι (Athens 1985) 3142 Google Scholar.

40 Cf. Argyriou, Αιαδοχικες αναγνώσεις Ελλήνων υπερρεαλιστών, 177.

41 Cf. also M. Alexiou, ‘Ti είναι — KOCI πού βαδίζει — η (ελληνική) λαογραφία;’, in Πρβ,κτικά τεταρτου συμποσιου ποίησης. Αφιέρωμα. στο δημοτικό τραγούδι, 50-1.

42 See Berranger, M.-P., Dépaysement de l’aphorisme (Paris 1988)Google Scholar; Baudouin, C., ‘Jeux de mots surréalistes: l’expérience du proverbe’, Symposium XXIV 4 (1970) 293302 Google Scholar.

43 Tzara, T., Œuvres complètes, I (Paris 1975) 379 Google Scholar.

44 Another possible set of intertextual references may be made to Cavafy and specifically to ‘H πόλις’, and ‘Τά άλογα του Αχιλλέως’.

45 Theotokas, G., Ελεύθερο πνεύμα (Athens 1973) 29 Google Scholar.

46 Ibid., 30.

47 India had become legendary also through the life and poetry of the poet/sailor D. Antóniou; cf. his poem Ίνδίες’ in 7a Ma Γράμματα (1939) 209, and Elytis, Ανοιχτά χαρτιά, 291. See also Beaton, Introduction, 194, specifically on this passage: ‘This route to future salvation is also shared by the Surrealists of the older generation: Engonopoulos (in Bolivár) and Embiricos in Argo and other prose pieces of the time which draw on a “New World” setting’.

48 See for example A. Breton and P. Eluard, Notes sur la poésie, which is in its entirety a phrase-by-phrase negation of the text with the same title by Paul Valéry: Breton, , Œuvres complètes, I, 1757 Google Scholar.

49 Cf. the famous definition of the epic by Pound, Ezra in Literary Essays (London 1954) 19 Google Scholar, as ‘the speech of a nation through the mouth of one man’.

50 Wacker, N., ‘Epic and the modern long poem: Virgil, Blake, and Pound’, Comparative Literature 42.2 (1990) 133 Google Scholar.

51 Riffaterre, M., ‘Incompatibilités sémantiques dans l’écriture automatique’, in La Production du texte (Paris 1979) 235-49Google Scholar.

52 Bonnet, M., André Breton: naissance de l’aventure surréaliste (Paris 1988) 392 Google Scholar.

53 Jenny, L., ‘La surréalité et ses signes narratifs’, Poétique 16 (1973) 518 Google Scholar.

54 Berranger, M.-P., ‘ Poisson Soluble ou Les mains vierges dans la petite niche à fond bleu du travail’, in Murat, M. and Berranger, M.-P. (eds), Une pelle au vent dans les sables du rêve: Les écritures automatiques (Lyon 1992) 104 Google Scholar.

55 Riffaterre, ‘Incompatibilités sémantiques dans l’écriture automatique’, 247.

56 Sometimes it does so with notes that are part of the text, as in the case of The Waste Land.

57 Bombarde, O., ‘André Breton: La rhétorique pour ou contre la poésie?’ in Bonnefoy, Y. and Bombarde, O. (eds), Poésie et rhétorique, Colloque de la Fondation Gugot du Collège de France (Paris 1997) 207 Google Scholar.

58 This is how Bonnet describes the compositional and writing strategies in L’Immaculée conception, in Breton, Œuvres complètes, I, 1651.

59 Cf. also Bush, R., T.S. Eliot: A Study in Character and Style (New York 1983) 63 Google Scholar, describing the general structure of the poem: ‘A dramatic situation emerges, intensifies mysteriously, reverberates with frightening tension and then, just before the situation is clarified, disperses; then a new situation arises that seems comfortingly different but is in fact the same anew.’

60 Wilson, E., AxeVs Castle (New York 1931) 106 Google ScholarPubMed.

61 I note that the connection between Eliot and Gatsos was made as early as 1943 by Papatzonis, T. K.: ‘Θα ευχόμουν πολλοί άλλοι να χαίρονταν τη χαρά που αισθάνθηκα διαβάζοντας αυτό το ωραίο τραγουδι, χοφά που ως τώρα μονάχα о Έλιος (sic) μου είχε δώσει’, quoted in the advertisement for Amargos in Καλλιτεχνικάί Νέα. 24, 8 Google Scholar.

62 Keeley, in his notes to the translation of Amorgos in Poetry 105 (1964) 31, claims that the title was chosen because of its similarity with the Spanish word amargo, meaning ‘bitter’, in order to evoke precisely the dark mood of the poem. Peter Levi mentions that ‘Amorgos’ means ‘Bitter Island’ without further qualifying the association: Nikos Gatsos’, in Amorgos, tr. Purcell, S. (London 1998) 12 Google Scholar.

63 In the short article by Keeley following the translation mentioned above, ‘Amorgos: A commentary’, Poetry, 105, 33.

64 Cf.Emig, R., Modernism in Poetry: Motivations, Structures and Limits (London and New York 1996) 74 Google Scholar.

65 For a discussion of ‘ιθαγένειθί’ during the interwar period, see also Tziovas, D., Οι μεταμορφώσεις του εθνισμού кси το ιδεολόγημα. της ελληνικότητας στο μεσοπόλεμο (Athens 1989) 7393 Google Scholar.

66 On the Aegean and the Generation of the 1930s cf.Karandonis, , Εισαγωγή στη νεώτερη ποίηση; Vitti, H γενιά του τριάντα, 148, 201-3Google Scholar; Tziovas, Οι μεταμορφώσεις zoo εθνισμού, 81-2; E. Kapsomenos, Ή μυθολογία του Αιγαίου στη νεοελληνική λογοτεχνία’, Ε. Garandoudis, ‘Ta νησιά του Αιγαίου ως τόπος μιας αντίθεσης: από την ποιητική γενιά του 1930 στη μεταπολεμική ποίηση’ and Tziovas, D., ‘О Θεοτοκάς кои η μεταφορά του νησιού’, in H Ελλάδα. των νησιών από τη Φραγκοκρατία ως σήμερα. (Athens 2002)Google Scholar respectively 399-415, 439-46, 499-509.

67 In that sense, and following Garandoudis, Τα νησιά του Αιγαίου ως τόπος μιας αντίθεσης, Amargos functions as a mediator between the positive depiction of islands by the generation of the 1930s and the revolt against this image in the grim depictions of islands as places of exile in postwar poetry.

68 See Lignadis, Διπλή επίσκεφη σε μια ηλικία. кса σ’ εναν ποιητή, 97-102 for tables of words in Amorgos organized in thematic categories.

69 Cf.Bedient, C., He Do the Police in Different Voices: ‘The Waste Land’ and its Protagonists (Chicago 1986) 1 Google Scholar.

70 Benveniste, E., Origines de la formation des noms en Indo-Européen (Paris 1935) 157 Google Scholar.