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An Oroch word-list lost and rediscovered: a critical edition of Tronson's 1859 pseudo-Nivkh vocabulary*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2017

José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente
José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente*
Affiliation:
University of Barcelona
*
Jose.andres25@gmail.com
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Abstract

J.M. Tronson believed that the language of the word-list which he collected in 1856 on the Lower Amur, and published twice in 1859 was Nivkh. Among contemporary scholars, only Roman Jakobson noted that the language of Tronson's word-list is not Nivkh, but Tungusic. Unfortunately, neither Jakobson nor other specialists have specified what language that might be. We confirm E.G. Ravenstein's unnoticed assertion of 1861 that the language is Oroch and, from this new perspective, we offer a critical edition of Tronson's pseudo-Nivkh word-list.

Keywords

Nivkh languageTungusic languagesOroch languageHistorical and comparative linguisticsCritical edition (philology)
Type
Articles
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 80 , Issue 1 , February 2017 , pp. 97 - 117
Copyright
Copyright © SOAS, University of London 2017 

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Footnotes

*

This paper was written thanks to a Juan de la Cierva Postdoctoral Fellowship from Spain's Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Ref. IJCI-2014-19343). I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers for their suggestions and comments. Any remaining errors are, of course, my own responsibility.

References

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Avrorin, and Lebedeva, = Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.. 1978. Oročskie teksty i slovar’. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Doerfer, = Doerfer, Gerhard. 2004. Etymologisch-ethnologisches Wörterbuch tungusischer Dialekte (unter Mitwirkung von M. Knüppel). Hildesheim, Zürich and New York: Georg Olms.Google Scholar
Girfanova, = Girfanova, Albina X. 2007. Slovar’ oročsko-russkij i russko-oročskij. Saint Petersburg: Izdatel'stvo “Drofa”.Google Scholar
Kazama, = Shinjirō, Kazama. 1996. Orochi-go kiso shiryō. Tottori: Tottori daigaku kyōiku gakubu.Google Scholar
Leontovič, = Leontovičъ, Sergěj. 1896. Kratkij russko-oročënskij slovar’ sъ grammatičeskoj zamětkoj. Vladivostock: Tipografija N.V. Remezova.Google Scholar
Margaritov, = Margaritovъ, Vasilij P. 1888. Obъ oročaxъ Imperatorskoj gavani. Saint Petersburg: Tipografija Imperatorskoj Akademii Naukъ.Google Scholar
Protodiakonov, = Protodiakonovъ, Aleksandrъ. 1888. Kratkij russko-oročënskij slovar’. Kazan: Tipografija V.M. Ključnikova.Google Scholar
Schmidt, = Schmidt, Peter. 1928. “The language of the Oroches”, Acta universitatis latviensis 17, 17–62.Google Scholar
Šternberg, = Šternberg, Lev Ja. 1933. Giljaki, oroči, negidal’cy, ajny. Xabarovsk: Dal’giz.Google Scholar
TMS = Cincius, Vera I. (ed.) 1975–77. Sravnitel'nyj slovar’ tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov, vols. 1–2. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Tronson, A = Tronson, John M. 1859a. Personal Narrative of a Voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and Various Parts of Coast of China; in H.M.S. Barracouta. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.Google Scholar
Tronson, B = Tronson, John M. 1859b. “Some observations on the Ghilack or Ghailack race: their manners, customs, and the regions they inhabit”, Transactions of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, 107–18.Google Scholar
Austerlitz, Robert. 1976. “L'appellation du renne en japonais, aïnou et surtout en ghiliak”, in Heissig, W., Krueger, J.R., Oinas, F.J. and Schütz, E. (eds), Tractata Altaica. Denis Sinor sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45–9.Google Scholar
Avrorin, Valentin A. and Boldyrev, Boris V.. 2001. Grammatika oročskogo jazyka. Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo SO RAN.Google Scholar
Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.. 1966. Oročskie skazki i mify. Novosibirsk: Nauka.Google Scholar
Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.. 1968. “Oročskij jazyk”, in Skorik, P. Ja. (ed.), Jazyki narodov SSSR, tom 3: Mongol'skie, tunguso-man’čžurskie i paleoaziatskie jazyki. Leningrad: Nauka, 191–209.Google Scholar
Benzing, Johannes. 1958. “Review of Lopatin (1957)”, Anthropos 53, 597–603.Google Scholar
Brailovskij, Sergěj. 1901. “Tazy ili Udihè”, Živaja starina 1–4 , 129–216, 323–433.Google Scholar
Castrén, M. Alexander. 1856. Grundzüge einer tungusischen Sprachlehre nebst kurzem Wörterverzeichniss. St. Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Cincius, Vera I. 1949. “Očerk morfologii oročskogo jazyka”, Učenye zapiski 1/98, 119–60.Google Scholar
Clark, Larry and Walravens, Hartmut. 2006. “A bibliography of Manchu–Tungus dictionaries”, in Walravens, H. (ed.), Bibliographies of Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus, and Tibetan Dictionaries. Compiled by Larry V. Clark, John R. Krueger, Manfred Taube, Hartmut Walravens, Michael L. Walter. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 113–71.Google Scholar
Clark, Larry. 1981–82. “Manchu–Tungus lexicography”, Manchu Studies Newsletter 4, 45–90.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1978. “Classification problems of Tungus”, in Weiers, M. (ed.), Tungusica. Beiträge zur nordasiatischen Kulturgeschichte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1–26.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1985. “Terms for aquatic animals in the Wu t‘i ch‘ing wên chien ”, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on B. Piłsudski's Phonographic Records and the Ainu Culture. Sapporo: Hokkaido University, 190–202.Google Scholar
Furet, Louis-Théodore. 1860. Lettres à M. Léon de Rosny sur l'Archipel Japonais et la Tartarie Orientale. Paris: Maisonneuve & Cie.Google Scholar
Georg, Stefan. 2004. “Unreclassifying Tungusic”, in Näher, C. (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, vol. 2: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45–57.Google Scholar
Gorcevskaja, Vera A. 1959. Očerk istorii izučenija tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov. Leningrad: Gosplanizdat.Google Scholar
Grube, W. 1892. Giljakisches Wörterverzeichniss. Nach den Originalaufzeichnungen von L. v. Schrenck und P. V. Glehn. Zusammengestellt und mit grammatischen Bemerkungen versehen. St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Gruzdeva, Ekaterina. 1998. Nikvh. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Jirō, Ikegami. 1967. “Santan kotoba shū”, Hoppō bunka kenkyū 2, 27–87.Google Scholar
Jirō, Ikegami. 1997. Uiruta-go jiten. Sapporo: Hokkaidō Daigaku Tosho Kankōkai.Google Scholar
Ikegami, Jiro. 2001 (1981). “Tungus dialects in the vicinities of Yakutsk and Okhotsk in the eighteenth century”, in Jirō, Ikegami, Tsunguusu-go kenkyū. Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, 331–9.Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman. 1971 [1957]. “Notes on Gilyak”, in Roman Jakobson. Selected Writings, vol. 2: Word and Language. The Hague: Mouton, 72–102 [originally published in: The Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology (Academia Sinica) 29/1–2 (= Studies Presented to Yuen Ren Chao on his Sixty-Fifth Birthday), 255–81].Google Scholar
Janhunen, Juha. 1996. Manchuria. An Ethnic History. Helsinki: Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne.Google Scholar
Johanson, Louis and Schönig, Claus (ed). 1988. Kritische Beiträge zur Altaistik und Turkologie. Festschrift für Johannes Benzing. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Shinjirō, Kazama. 2009. “Oroci-go to Udihe-go no idō ni tsuite”, Gogaku kenkyū-sho ronshū 3, 1–13.Google Scholar
Khasanova, Maria. 2000. “The Lower Amur languages in contact with Russian”, in Gilbers, D.G., Nerbonne, J. and Schaeken, J. (eds), Languages in Contact (= Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 28). Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 179–85.Google Scholar
Krejnovič, Eruxim A. 1955. “Giljacko-tunguso-man’čžurskie jazykovye paralleli”, Doklady i soobščenija instituta jazykoznanija AN SSSR 8, 135–67.Google Scholar
Krejnovič, Eruxim A. 1972. “O dialektax nivxskogo jazyka”, Lingvističeskie issledovanija 1972, 157–74.Google Scholar
La Pérouse, Jean-François G. de. 1797. Voyage de La Pérouse autour du monde, vol. 3 (pendant les années 1785, 1786, 1787 et 1788). Paris: Imprimerie de la République. (= A Voyage Round the World, performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe, English trans., vol. 2, London: Lackington, Allen, and Co., 1807).Google Scholar
Lar'kin, Viktor G. 1964. Oroči (istoriko-ètnografičeskij očerk s serediny XIX v. do našix dnej). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Levin, Maksim G. and Potapov, Leonid P.. 1964 [1956]. The Peoples of Siberia. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press [originally published in Russian: Narody Sibiri, Moscow and Leningrad: Nauka].Google Scholar
Lopatin, Ivan A. 1957. Material of the Orochee Language, the Goldi (Nanai) Language and the Olchi (Nani) Language. Freiburg: Micro-Bibliotheca Anthropos 26.Google Scholar
Lopatin, Ivan A. 1960. The Cult of the Dead among the Natives of the Amur Basin. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Maakъ, Ričardъ K. 1861. Putešestvie po dolině rěki Usuri, vol. 1. Saint Petersburg: Tipografija V. Bezobrazova i komp.Google Scholar
Nadarovъ, Ivanъ P. 1887. “Severo-Ussurijskij kraj”, Zapiski Imperatorskogo russkogo geografičeskogo obščestva (po otdeleniju obščej geografii) 17, 1–169.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, Irina and Tolskaya, Maria. 2001. A Grammar of Udihe. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Ravenstein, Ernest G. 1861. The Russians on the Amur. London: Trübner and Co.Google Scholar
Sabir, Constantin de. 1861. Le fleuve Amoûr. Histoire, Géographie, Ethnographie. Paris: G. Kugelman.Google Scholar
Savel'eva, Valentina N. and Taksami, Čuner M.. 1970. Nivxsko-russkij slovar’. Moscow: Sovetskaja Enciklopedija.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Peter. 1933. “Chinesische Elemente im Mandschu”, Asia Major 8, pp. 353–436.Google Scholar
Schrenk, Leopold von. 1881. Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-Lande in den Jahren 1854–1856, Bd. 3, Erste Lieferung: Die Völker des Amur-Landes. St. Petersburg: Commissionäre der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Sem, Lidija I. 1976. Očerk dialektov nanajskogo jazyka. Bikinskij (ussurijskij) dialekt. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Shiraishi, Hidetoshi. 2009. “Modelling initial weakenings”, in Nasukawa, K. and Backley, P. (eds), Strength Relations in Phonology. Berlin: Mouton, 183–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonov, Mixail D. 1998. An Udeghe (Udihe) Language Dictionary, Khor River Region Dialect, vol. 1. Stęszew: International Institute of Ethnolinguistic and Oriental Studies.Google Scholar
Skurlatovъ, Ivanъ S. 1899. “Mater'jaly dlja slovarja tunguzskixъ narěčij”, Živa Starina 9. 1, 251–62.Google Scholar
Šnejder, Evgenij R. 1936. Kratkij udèjsko-russkij slovar’ (s priloženiem grammatičeskogo očerka). Moscow and Leningrad: Gosplanizdat.Google Scholar
Šternbergъ, Levъ Ja. 1908. Materialy po izučeniju giljackago jazyka i folklora, tom 1: Obrazcy narodnoj slovesnosti. Saint Petersburg: Imperatorskaja Akademija Naukъ.Google Scholar
The Navy List (by Authority; corrected to The 20th December 1852). 1853. London.Google Scholar
Tronson, John M. 1859c. “The coast Tartars, and their homes”, Transactions of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, 121–35.Google Scholar
Vdovin, Innokentij S. 1954. Istorija izučenija paleoaziatskix jazykov. Leningrad and Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.Google Scholar
Wurm, Stephen A., Peter, Mühlhäusler and , Darrell T. , Tryon (eds). 1996. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, vol. I: Maps. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Zgusta, Richard. 2015. The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Arsen'ev, = Arsen'ev, Vladimir K. 2007. Russko-oročskij slovar’. Materialy po jazyku i tradicionnoj kul'ture oročej i udègejcev, (ed. Girfanova, A.X. and Suxačov, N.L.). Saint Petersburg: Obščestvo izučenija Amurskogo Kraja (Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta).Google Scholar
Avrorin, and Lebedeva, = Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.. 1978. Oročskie teksty i slovar’. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Doerfer, = Doerfer, Gerhard. 2004. Etymologisch-ethnologisches Wörterbuch tungusischer Dialekte (unter Mitwirkung von M. Knüppel). Hildesheim, Zürich and New York: Georg Olms.Google Scholar
Girfanova, = Girfanova, Albina X. 2007. Slovar’ oročsko-russkij i russko-oročskij. Saint Petersburg: Izdatel'stvo “Drofa”.Google Scholar
Kazama, = Shinjirō, Kazama. 1996. Orochi-go kiso shiryō. Tottori: Tottori daigaku kyōiku gakubu.Google Scholar
Leontovič, = Leontovičъ, Sergěj. 1896. Kratkij russko-oročënskij slovar’ sъ grammatičeskoj zamětkoj. Vladivostock: Tipografija N.V. Remezova.Google Scholar
Margaritov, = Margaritovъ, Vasilij P. 1888. Obъ oročaxъ Imperatorskoj gavani. Saint Petersburg: Tipografija Imperatorskoj Akademii Naukъ.Google Scholar
Protodiakonov, = Protodiakonovъ, Aleksandrъ. 1888. Kratkij russko-oročënskij slovar’. Kazan: Tipografija V.M. Ključnikova.Google Scholar
Schmidt, = Schmidt, Peter. 1928. “The language of the Oroches”, Acta universitatis latviensis 17, 17–62.Google Scholar
Šternberg, = Šternberg, Lev Ja. 1933. Giljaki, oroči, negidal’cy, ajny. Xabarovsk: Dal’giz.Google Scholar
TMS = Cincius, Vera I. (ed.) 1975–77. Sravnitel'nyj slovar’ tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov, vols. 1–2. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Tronson, A = Tronson, John M. 1859a. Personal Narrative of a Voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary, and Various Parts of Coast of China; in H.M.S. Barracouta. London: Smith, Elder, & Co.Google Scholar
Tronson, B = Tronson, John M. 1859b. “Some observations on the Ghilack or Ghailack race: their manners, customs, and the regions they inhabit”, Transactions of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, 107–18.Google Scholar
Austerlitz, Robert. 1976. “L'appellation du renne en japonais, aïnou et surtout en ghiliak”, in Heissig, W., Krueger, J.R., Oinas, F.J. and Schütz, E. (eds), Tractata Altaica. Denis Sinor sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45–9.Google Scholar
Avrorin, Valentin A. and Boldyrev, Boris V.. 2001. Grammatika oročskogo jazyka. Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo SO RAN.Google Scholar
Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.. 1966. Oročskie skazki i mify. Novosibirsk: Nauka.Google Scholar
Avrorin, Valentin A. and Lebedeva, Elena P.. 1968. “Oročskij jazyk”, in Skorik, P. Ja. (ed.), Jazyki narodov SSSR, tom 3: Mongol'skie, tunguso-man’čžurskie i paleoaziatskie jazyki. Leningrad: Nauka, 191–209.Google Scholar
Benzing, Johannes. 1958. “Review of Lopatin (1957)”, Anthropos 53, 597–603.Google Scholar
Brailovskij, Sergěj. 1901. “Tazy ili Udihè”, Živaja starina 1–4 , 129–216, 323–433.Google Scholar
Castrén, M. Alexander. 1856. Grundzüge einer tungusischen Sprachlehre nebst kurzem Wörterverzeichniss. St. Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Cincius, Vera I. 1949. “Očerk morfologii oročskogo jazyka”, Učenye zapiski 1/98, 119–60.Google Scholar
Clark, Larry and Walravens, Hartmut. 2006. “A bibliography of Manchu–Tungus dictionaries”, in Walravens, H. (ed.), Bibliographies of Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus, and Tibetan Dictionaries. Compiled by Larry V. Clark, John R. Krueger, Manfred Taube, Hartmut Walravens, Michael L. Walter. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 113–71.Google Scholar
Clark, Larry. 1981–82. “Manchu–Tungus lexicography”, Manchu Studies Newsletter 4, 45–90.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1978. “Classification problems of Tungus”, in Weiers, M. (ed.), Tungusica. Beiträge zur nordasiatischen Kulturgeschichte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1–26.Google Scholar
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1985. “Terms for aquatic animals in the Wu t‘i ch‘ing wên chien ”, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on B. Piłsudski's Phonographic Records and the Ainu Culture. Sapporo: Hokkaido University, 190–202.Google Scholar
Furet, Louis-Théodore. 1860. Lettres à M. Léon de Rosny sur l'Archipel Japonais et la Tartarie Orientale. Paris: Maisonneuve & Cie.Google Scholar
Georg, Stefan. 2004. “Unreclassifying Tungusic”, in Näher, C. (ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, vol. 2: Trends in Tungusic and Siberian Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 45–57.Google Scholar
Gorcevskaja, Vera A. 1959. Očerk istorii izučenija tunguso-man’čžurskix jazykov. Leningrad: Gosplanizdat.Google Scholar
Grube, W. 1892. Giljakisches Wörterverzeichniss. Nach den Originalaufzeichnungen von L. v. Schrenck und P. V. Glehn. Zusammengestellt und mit grammatischen Bemerkungen versehen. St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
Gruzdeva, Ekaterina. 1998. Nikvh. Munich: Lincom.Google Scholar
Jirō, Ikegami. 1967. “Santan kotoba shū”, Hoppō bunka kenkyū 2, 27–87.Google Scholar
Jirō, Ikegami. 1997. Uiruta-go jiten. Sapporo: Hokkaidō Daigaku Tosho Kankōkai.Google Scholar
Ikegami, Jiro. 2001 (1981). “Tungus dialects in the vicinities of Yakutsk and Okhotsk in the eighteenth century”, in Jirō, Ikegami, Tsunguusu-go kenkyū. Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, 331–9.Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman. 1971 [1957]. “Notes on Gilyak”, in Roman Jakobson. Selected Writings, vol. 2: Word and Language. The Hague: Mouton, 72–102 [originally published in: The Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology (Academia Sinica) 29/1–2 (= Studies Presented to Yuen Ren Chao on his Sixty-Fifth Birthday), 255–81].Google Scholar
Janhunen, Juha. 1996. Manchuria. An Ethnic History. Helsinki: Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne.Google Scholar
Johanson, Louis and Schönig, Claus (ed). 1988. Kritische Beiträge zur Altaistik und Turkologie. Festschrift für Johannes Benzing. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Shinjirō, Kazama. 2009. “Oroci-go to Udihe-go no idō ni tsuite”, Gogaku kenkyū-sho ronshū 3, 1–13.Google Scholar
Khasanova, Maria. 2000. “The Lower Amur languages in contact with Russian”, in Gilbers, D.G., Nerbonne, J. and Schaeken, J. (eds), Languages in Contact (= Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics 28). Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 179–85.Google Scholar
Krejnovič, Eruxim A. 1955. “Giljacko-tunguso-man’čžurskie jazykovye paralleli”, Doklady i soobščenija instituta jazykoznanija AN SSSR 8, 135–67.Google Scholar
Krejnovič, Eruxim A. 1972. “O dialektax nivxskogo jazyka”, Lingvističeskie issledovanija 1972, 157–74.Google Scholar
La Pérouse, Jean-François G. de. 1797. Voyage de La Pérouse autour du monde, vol. 3 (pendant les années 1785, 1786, 1787 et 1788). Paris: Imprimerie de la République. (= A Voyage Round the World, performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe, English trans., vol. 2, London: Lackington, Allen, and Co., 1807).Google Scholar
Lar'kin, Viktor G. 1964. Oroči (istoriko-ètnografičeskij očerk s serediny XIX v. do našix dnej). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Levin, Maksim G. and Potapov, Leonid P.. 1964 [1956]. The Peoples of Siberia. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press [originally published in Russian: Narody Sibiri, Moscow and Leningrad: Nauka].Google Scholar
Lopatin, Ivan A. 1957. Material of the Orochee Language, the Goldi (Nanai) Language and the Olchi (Nani) Language. Freiburg: Micro-Bibliotheca Anthropos 26.Google Scholar
Lopatin, Ivan A. 1960. The Cult of the Dead among the Natives of the Amur Basin. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Maakъ, Ričardъ K. 1861. Putešestvie po dolině rěki Usuri, vol. 1. Saint Petersburg: Tipografija V. Bezobrazova i komp.Google Scholar
Nadarovъ, Ivanъ P. 1887. “Severo-Ussurijskij kraj”, Zapiski Imperatorskogo russkogo geografičeskogo obščestva (po otdeleniju obščej geografii) 17, 1–169.Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, Irina and Tolskaya, Maria. 2001. A Grammar of Udihe. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Ravenstein, Ernest G. 1861. The Russians on the Amur. London: Trübner and Co.Google Scholar
Sabir, Constantin de. 1861. Le fleuve Amoûr. Histoire, Géographie, Ethnographie. Paris: G. Kugelman.Google Scholar
Savel'eva, Valentina N. and Taksami, Čuner M.. 1970. Nivxsko-russkij slovar’. Moscow: Sovetskaja Enciklopedija.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Peter. 1933. “Chinesische Elemente im Mandschu”, Asia Major 8, pp. 353–436.Google Scholar
Schrenk, Leopold von. 1881. Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-Lande in den Jahren 1854–1856, Bd. 3, Erste Lieferung: Die Völker des Amur-Landes. St. Petersburg: Commissionäre der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Sem, Lidija I. 1976. Očerk dialektov nanajskogo jazyka. Bikinskij (ussurijskij) dialekt. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Shiraishi, Hidetoshi. 2009. “Modelling initial weakenings”, in Nasukawa, K. and Backley, P. (eds), Strength Relations in Phonology. Berlin: Mouton, 183–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonov, Mixail D. 1998. An Udeghe (Udihe) Language Dictionary, Khor River Region Dialect, vol. 1. Stęszew: International Institute of Ethnolinguistic and Oriental Studies.Google Scholar
Skurlatovъ, Ivanъ S. 1899. “Mater'jaly dlja slovarja tunguzskixъ narěčij”, Živa Starina 9. 1, 251–62.Google Scholar
Šnejder, Evgenij R. 1936. Kratkij udèjsko-russkij slovar’ (s priloženiem grammatičeskogo očerka). Moscow and Leningrad: Gosplanizdat.Google Scholar
Šternbergъ, Levъ Ja. 1908. Materialy po izučeniju giljackago jazyka i folklora, tom 1: Obrazcy narodnoj slovesnosti. Saint Petersburg: Imperatorskaja Akademija Naukъ.Google Scholar
The Navy List (by Authority; corrected to The 20th December 1852). 1853. London.Google Scholar
Tronson, John M. 1859c. “The coast Tartars, and their homes”, Transactions of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, 121–35.Google Scholar
Vdovin, Innokentij S. 1954. Istorija izučenija paleoaziatskix jazykov. Leningrad and Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.Google Scholar
Wurm, Stephen A., Peter, Mühlhäusler and , Darrell T. , Tryon (eds). 1996. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, vol. I: Maps. Berlin: Mouton.Google Scholar
Zgusta, Richard. 2015. The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar