Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T14:32:00.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The origin and population dynamics of annually re-occurring Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae) colonising granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers used in potable water treatment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 March 2009

A. Olsen ,
B.S.C. Leadbeater ,
M.E. Callow ,
J.B. Holden  and
J.S. Bale
A. Olsen
Affiliation:
Anglian Water Services Ltd, Operational Science, Thorpe Wood House, Thorpe Wood, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, PE3 6WT, UK
B.S.C. Leadbeater
Affiliation:
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
M.E. Callow
Affiliation:
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
J.B. Holden
Affiliation:
Anglian Water Services Ltd, Innovation, Thorpe Wood House, Thorpe Wood, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, PE3 6WT, UK
J.S. Bale*
Affiliation:
School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
*
*Author for correspondence Fax: +44 121 414 5925 E-mail: J.S.Bale@bham.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Various sampling techniques were employed to study the population dynamics and identify the origin of annually re-occurring infestations of Paratanytarsus grimmii in granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers. Larvae overwintered in all adsorbers studied and are the main source of endemic persistent infestations. Significant differences in larval densities were identified between the down-flow cell (mean of 61 larvae per 0.3 l of GAC) and the up-flow cell (mean of 14 larvae per 0.3 l of GAC) of each adsorber. Larvae were distributed uniformly with no significant difference in density at any depth through the 2-m carbon column. Application of anaerobic treatment as a control measure was ineffective at low temperatures due to a slow down in chironomid metabolism. During summer months, ovipositing females have access to all locations within the GAC adsorber building by flight, leading to immediate re-colonisation of anaerobically-treated adsorbers. Regeneration of GAC in individual cells served only to reduce larval numbers but not remove them completely, particularly when only one of the two cells is regenerated at any one time.

Keywords

ChironomidaeParatanytarsus grimmiipopulation dynamicsgranular activated carboninfestationpotable water
Type
Research Paper
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 99 , Issue 6 , December 2009 , pp. 643 - 651
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, R.L. & Shubat, P. (1983) Insecticide effects on normal development and hatch of embryos of Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 16, 177–181.Google Scholar
Augenfeld, J.M. (1967) Effects of oxygen deprivation on aquatic midge larvae under natural and laboratory conditions. Physiological Zoology 40, 149–158.Google Scholar
AWWA (1995) Problem Organisms in Water: Identification and treatment. American Water Works Association, Manual of Water Supply Practices, M7. 3rd edn.145 pp. Denver, CO, American Water Works Association.Google Scholar
Barclay, H.J. (1992) Modelling the effects of population aggregation on the efficiency of insect pest control. Researches on Population Ecology 34, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, W.M. (1977) Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of common freshwater Chironomidae. EPA 600/4-77-024. 261 pp. Cincinnati, OH, US Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar
Buchmann, W. (1932) Chironomus control in bathing establishments, swimming pools and water supplies by means of chlorine and copper (abstract). Journal of the American Water Works Association 25, 1317–1321.Google Scholar
Carrillo, R.J. (1974) Emergence dynamics of a lentic Chironomidae (Diptera) community in North-western Pennsylvania. PhD dissertation. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Chapman, R.F. (1972) The Insects, Structure and Function. 819 pp. London, UK, English Universities Press Ltd.Google Scholar
Cranston, P.S. (1982) A key to the larvae of the British Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae). Scientific Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association 45, 1–152.Google Scholar
Cranston, P.S. (1987) A non-biting midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) of horticultural significance. Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, 661–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, I.J. (1984) Sampling aquatic insect emergence. pp. 161–227in Downing, J.A. & Rigler, F.H. (Eds) A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters. Oxford, UK, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Edward, D.H.D. (1963) The biology of a parthenogenetic species of Lundstroemia (Diptera: Chironomidae, with descriptions of the immature stages. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London Series A 38, 165–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, T. & Bolas, P.M. (1985) Simple method of chironomid control at water treatment works. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists 39, 414–422.Google Scholar
Green, N.P.O., Stout, G.W. & Taylor, D.J. (1993) Biological Science, vol. 1 & 2. 972 pp. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iwakuma, T. (1986) Ecology and production of Tokunagayusurika akamusi (Tokunaga) and Chironomus plumosus (L.) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a shallow eutrophic lake. PhD thesis, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan.Google Scholar
Langton, P.H. (1995) The pupa and events leading to eclosion. pp. 169–193in Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds) The Chironomidae. The Biology and Ecology of Non-Biting Midges. London, UK, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Langton, P.H., Cranston, P.S. & Armitage, P. (1988) The parthenogenic midge of water-supply systems, Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider) (Diptera, Chironomidae). Journal of Entomological Research 78, 317–328.Google Scholar
Learner, M.A. (2000) Egression of flies from sewage filter-beds. Water Research 34, 877–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindeberg, B. (1958) A new trap for collecting emerging insects form small rock-pools, with some examples of the results obtained. Suomen Hyönteistietellinen Aikakauskirja 24, 186–191.Google Scholar
Lindegaard, C. & Mortensen, E. (1988) Abundance, life history and production of Chironomidae (Diptera) in a Danish lowland stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie-Supplement 81, 563–587.Google Scholar
McLachlan, A.J. (1969) Substrate preferences and invasion behaviour exhibited by larvae of Nilodorum brevibucca Freeman (Chironomidae) under experimental conditions. Hydrobiologia 33, 237–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, N.C. (1958) Insect emergence from a small Scottish loch. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 13, 823–825.Google Scholar
Mundie, J.H. (1956) Emergence traps for aquatic insects. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 7, 1–13.Google Scholar
Olsen, A. (2004) Biology and management of chironomid species within granular activated carbon adsorbers used in potable water treatment. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.Google Scholar
Olsen, A., Bale, J.S., Leadbeater, B.S.C., Callow, M.E. & Holden, J.B. (2003) Developmental thresholds and day-degree requirements of Paratanytarsus grimmii and Corynoneura scutellata (Diptera: Chironomidae), two midges associated with potable water treatment. Physiological Entomology 28, 315–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinder, L.C.V. (1986) Biology of freshwater Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology 31, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinder, L.C.V. (1995) Biology of the eggs and first instar larvae. pp. 87–102 in Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds) The Chironomidae. The Biology and Ecology of Non-Biting Midges. London, UK, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Price, R., Gigg, J. & Lewin, J. (1997) The use of anaerobicity for the control of chironomids in GAC adsorbers at Grafham WTW – interim report. 11 pp. Anglian Water Innovation Report No. INNOV/108.Google Scholar
Rae, J.G. (1985) A multivariate study of resource partitioning in soft bottom lotic Chironomidae. Hydrobiologia 126, 275–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ristola, T., Pekkubeb, J., Ruokolainen, M., Kostamo, A. & Kukkonen, J. (1999) Effect of sediment type, feeding level and larval density on growth and development of a midge (Chironomus riparius). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 756–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, I.C. & Greaves, G.F. (1968) A survey of animals in distribution systems. Water Treatment and Examination 19, 150–156.Google Scholar
Suomalainen, E. (1962) Significance of parthenogenesis in the evolution of insects. Annual Review of Entomology 7, 349–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suomalainen, E., Saura, A. & Lokki, J. (1976) Evolution of parthenogenetic insects. Evolutionary Biology 9, 209–257.Google Scholar
Thienemann, A. (1954) Chironomus. Leben, Vertreitung und wirtshaftliche Bedeutung der Chironomiden. Binnengewasser 20, 1–834.Google Scholar
Tokeshi, M. (1995a) Life cycles and population dynamics. pp. 225–251in Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds) The Chironomidae. The Biology and Ecology of Non-Biting Midges. London, UK, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Tokeshi, M. (1995b) Species interactions and community structure. pp. 297–335in Armitage, P.D., Cranston, P.S. & Pinder, L.C.V. (Eds) The Chironomidae. The Biology and Ecology of Non-Biting Midges. London, UK, Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Von Grimm, O. (1871) On the agamic reproduction of a species of Chironomus, and its development for the unfecundated egg. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 8, 31–45, 106–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiederholm, T. (Ed.) (1983) Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1 Larvae. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 19, 1–457.Google Scholar
Wiley, M.J. (1981) Interacting influences of density and preference on the emigration rates of some lotic chironomid larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Ecology 62, 426–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wroath, A. & Sims, I. (1997) Chironomid infestation at Grafham Water Treatment Works. 22 pp. Water Research Centre report No. Co 4283.Google Scholar