Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T04:28:04.062Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A medium-term intervention study on the impact of high- and low-fat snacks varying in sweetness and fat content: large shifts in daily fat intake but good compensation for daily energy intake

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Clare L. Lawton ,
Helen J. Delargy ,
Fiona C. Smith ,
Vikki Hamilton  and
John E. Blundell
Clare L. Lawton*
Affiliation:
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Helen J. Delargy
Affiliation:
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Fiona C. Smith
Affiliation:
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Vikki Hamilton
Affiliation:
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
John E. Blundell
Affiliation:
BioPsychology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Clare L. Lawton, fax +44 (0) 113 233 5749, email ClareL@Psychology.Leeds.AC.UK
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Thirty-six normal-weight, habitual snackers (eighteen males, eighteen females) completed a medium-term intervention study designed to examine the tendency of four different types of snacks, varying in nutrient (low- (LF) or high-fat (HF)) and sensory properties (sweet (SW) or non-sweet (NSW)), to influence the control of appetite and to adjust daily energy intake. Subjects were exposed to each snack category for a 3-week period and were asked to consume a minimum number of snacks each day so that at least 25% of their daily energy intake would be derived from the test snacks. Energy and macronutrient intakes from the test snacks were calculated every day and also from other eating episodes (using 3 d food diary records) during the third week of snack exposure. Subjects consumed more energy/d from the SW snacks than from the NSW snacks, with most energy being consumed from the HF/SW snacks (3213 kJ) and least energy from the LF/NSW snacks (1628 kJ). This differential snack intake remained stable across the whole snack exposure period. Total daily energy intake did not differ significantly during exposure to any of the four snack types. Furthermore, the encouragement to eat freely from the test snacks did not lead to daily overconsumption of energy when compared with pre-study intakes. Hence, the level of snack consumption was largely compensated for by the energy consumed from the rest of the eating pattern. Although daily energy intake during exposure to the HF snacks was an average of 364 kJ higher (NS) than that during exposure to the LF snacks, the clearest and most significant effect of snack consumption was on daily macronutrient intake. Appreciable consumption of the HF snacks raised the percentage of total daily energy intake consumed as fat from 37 to 41% (P < 0.01). In contrast, the LF snacks reduced daily fat intake to 33.5% (LF/SW, P < 0.05; LF/NSW, NS) of total daily energy. The results, therefore, suggest that, in habitual snackers, generous consumption of LF snacks, when compared with HF snacks, is an effective strategy to reduce fat intake so that it approaches the recommendations of dietary guidelines without increasing total daily energy intake.

Keywords

SnackingEnergy intakeFat intakeDietary targetsAppetite
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 80 , Issue 2 , February 1998 , pp. 149 - 161
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Basdevant, A, Craplet, C & Guy-Grand, B (1993) Snacking patterns in obese French women. Appetite 21, 17–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaudoin, R & Mayer, J (1953) Food intakes of obese and non-obese women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 29, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellisle, F, McDevitt, R & Prentice, AM (1997) Meal frequency and energy balance. British Journal of Nutrition 77, Suppl. 1, 57S–70S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, AE, Coward, WA, Cole, TJ & Prentice, AM (1996) Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 72–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE, Burley, VJ, Cotton, JR & Lawton, CL (1993) Dietary fat and the control of energy intake: evaluating the effects of fat on meal size and post-meal satiety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, Suppl., 772S-778S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, JE & Hill, AJ (1988) Do serotoninergic drugs decrease energy intake by reducing fat or carbohydrate intake? Effect of d-fenfluramine with supplemented weight-increasing diets. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour 31, 773–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton-Smith, C & Woodward, M (1994) Dietary composition and fat to sugar ratios in relation to obesity. International Journal of Obesity 18, 820–828.Google ScholarPubMed
Burley, VJ, Cotton, JR, Weststrate, JA & Blundell, JE (1993) Effect on appetite of replacing natural fat with sucrose polyester in meals or snacks across one whole day. In Obesity in Europe, pp. 213–219 [Ditschuneit,, H, Gries,, FA, Hauner,, H, Schusdziarra, V and Wechsler, JG, editors]. London: John Libbey and Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Delargy, HJ, Lawton, CL, Smith, FC, King, NA & Blundell, JE (1996) Electronic Appetite Rating System (EARS): Validation of continuous automated monitoring of motivation to eat. International Journal of Obesity 20, Suppl. 4, 104S.Google Scholar
Dreon, DM, Frey-Hewitt, B, Ellsworth, N, Williams, PT, Terry, RB & Wood, PD (1988) Dietary fat: carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 995–1000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewnowski, A, Kurth, C, Holden-Wiltse, J & Saari, J (1992) Food preferences in human obesity: carbohydrates versus fats. Appetite 18, 207–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmett, PM & Heaton, KW (1995) Is extrinsic sugar a vehicle for dietary fat?. Lancet 345, 1537–1540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabry, P, Fodor, J, Hejl, Z, Braun, T & Zvolankova, K (1964) The frequency of meals. Its relation to overweight, hypercholesterolaemia and decreased glucose-tolerance. Lancet ii, 614–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatenby, SJ, Anderson, AO, Walker, AD, Southon, S & Mela, DJ (1995) ‘Meals’ and ‘snacks’: implications for eating patterns in adults. Appetite 24, 292.Google Scholar
Glinsmann, WH, Irausquin, H & Park, YK (1986) Evaluation of health aspects of sugars contained in carbohydrate sweeteners. Journal of Nutrition 116, Suppl., 11S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Golay, A & Bobbioni, E (1997) The role of dietary fat in obesity. International Journal of Obesity 21, Suppl. 32S–11S.Google ScholarPubMed
Green, SM & Burley, VJ (1996) The effects of snacking on energy intake and body weight. British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin 21, 103–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, SM, Burley, VJ & Blundell, JE (1994) Effect of fat- and sucrose-containing foods on the size of eating episodes and energy intake in lean males: potential for causing overconsumption. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 547–555.Google ScholarPubMed
Gregory, J, Foster, K, Tyler, H & Wiseman, M (1990) The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. London: HM Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Health of the Nation (1992) A strategy for health in England. London: HM Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Holland, B, Welch, AA, Unwin, ID, Buss, DH, Paul, AA & Southgate, DAT (1991) McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Food, 5th ed. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food.Google Scholar
Kanarek, RB & Hirsch, E (1977) Dietary-induced overeating in experimental animals. Federation Proceedings 36, 154–158.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuczmarski, RJ, Flegel, KM, Campbell, SM & Johnson, CL (1994) Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the national health and nutrition examination surveys 1960–1991. Journal of the American Medical Association 272, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, CL, Burley, VJ, Wales, JK & Blundell, JE (1993) Dietary fat and appetite control in obese subjects: weak effects on satiation and satiety. International Journal of Obesity 17, 409–416.Google Scholar
Macdiarmid, JI, Cade, JE & Blundell, JE (1995) Extrinsic sugar as a vehicle for dietary fat. Lancet 346, 696–697.Google ScholarPubMed
Mela, DJ & Rogers, PJ (1993) ‘Snack Foods’, Overeating and Obesity: Relationships with food composition, palatability and eating behaviour. British Food Journal 95, 13–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metzner, HL, Lamphiear, DE, Wheeler, NC & Larkin, FA (1977) The relationship between frequency of eating and adiposity in adult men and women in the Tecumseh Community Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30, 712–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millar, WC, Lindeman, AK, Wallace, J & Niederpruem, H (1990) Diet composition, energy intake and exercise in relation to body fat in men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 426–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1989) Diet and Health. Washington DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Prentice, AM & Jebb, SA (1995) Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth?. British Medical Journal 311, 437–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prescott-Clarke, P, Primatesta, P, Bost, L, Dong, W, Hedges, B, Prior, G, Purdon, S & di, Salvo P (1997) Health Survey for England 1995. London: HM Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Romieu, I, Willet, WC, Stampfer, MJ, Colditz, GA, Sampson, L, Rosner, B, Hennekens, CH & Speizer, FE (1988) Energy intake and other determinants of relative weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 406–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schofield, W, Schofield, C & James, WPT (1985) Basal metabolic rate: review and prediction, together with an annotated bibliography of source material. Human Nutrition Clinical Nutrition 39C, Suppl., 1S-96S.Google Scholar
Sclafani, A & Springer, D (1976) Dietary obesity in normal adult rats: similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes. Physiology and Behaviour 17, 461–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stunkard, AJ & Messick, S (1985) The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29, 71–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tremblay, A, Plourde, G, Depres, J-P & Bouchard, C (1989) Impact of dietary fat content and fat oxidation on energy intake in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 799–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van het, Hof KH, Weststrate, JA, van den, Berg H, Velthuis-te, Wierik, EJM,, de, Graaf, C, Zimmermanns, NJH, Westerterp, KR, Wersterterp-Plantenga, MS, Verboerket-van, de Venne WPHG (1997) A long-term study on the effect of spontaneous consumption of reduced fat products as part of a normal diet on indicators of health. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 48, 19–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westerterp, KR, Verboeket-van, de, Venne, WPHG, Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Velthuis-te, Wierik, EJM,, de, Graaf, C & Weststrate, JA (1996) Dietary fat and body fat: an intervention study. International Journal of Obesity 20, 1022–1026.Google ScholarPubMed