Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T19:20:23.070Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dietary soya protein intake and exercise training have an additive effect on skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation enzyme activities and mRNA levels in rats

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2008

Masashi Morifuji ,
Chiaki Sanbongi  and
Katsumi Sugiura
Masashi Morifuji*
Affiliation:
Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd, Food & Health R&D Laboratories, 5-3-1 Chiyoda, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0289, Japan
Chiaki Sanbongi
Affiliation:
Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd, Food & Health R&D Laboratories, 5-3-1 Chiyoda, Sakado-shi, Saitama 350-0289, Japan
Katsumi Sugiura
Affiliation:
Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd, SAVAS Sports & Nutrition Laboratory, 2-4-16 Kyoubashi, Chuo-ku 104-8002, Japan
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Masashi Morifuji, fax +81 49 284 7598, email marshimo@yahoo.co.jp
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Exercise training and regular physical activity increase oxidation of fat. Enhanced oxidation of fat is important for preventing lifestyle diseases such as hypertension and obesity. The aim of the present study in rats was to determine whether intake of dietary soya protein and exercise training have an additive effect on the activity and mRNA expression of enzymes involved in skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n 32) were assigned randomly into four groups (eight rats per group) and then divided further into sedentary or exercise-trained groups fed either casein or soya protein diets. Rats in the exercise groups were trained for 2 weeks by swimming for 120mi/, 6/eek. Exercise training decreased hepatic triacylglycerol levels and retroperitoneal adipose tissue weight and increased skeletal muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) activity and mRNA expression of CPT1, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), acyl-CoA oxidase, PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) and PPARα. Soya protein significantly decreased hepatic triacylglycerol levels and epididymal adipose tissue weight and increased skeletal muscle CPT1 activity and CPT1, HAD, acyl-CoA oxidase, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, PGC1α and PPARα mRNA levels. Furthermore, skeletal muscle HAD activity was the highest in exercise-trained rats fed soya protein. We conclude that exercise training and soya protein intake have an important additive role on induction of PPAR pathways, leading to increased activity and mRNA expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle and reduced accumulation of body fat.

Keywords

Soya proteinFatty acid oxidation enzymesAdipose tissue weightSkeletal muscleExercise-trained rats
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 96 , Issue 3 , September 2006 , pp. 469 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Anderson, JW, Johnstone, BM & Cook-Newell, ME (1995) Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 333, 276–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ascencio, C, Torres, N, Isoard-Acosta, F, Gomez-Perez, FJ, Hernandez-Pando, R & Tovar, AR (2004) Soy protein affects serum insulin and hepatic SREBP-1 mRNA and reduces fatty liver in rats. J Nutr 134, 522–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baar, K, Wende, AR, Jones, TE, Marison, M, Nolte, LA, Chen, M, Kelly, DP & Holloszy, JO (2002) Adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise: rapid increase in the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1. FASEB J 16, 1879–1886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bass, A, Brdiczka, D, Eyer, P, Hofer, S & Pette, D (1968) Metabolic differentiation of distinct muscle types at the level of enzymatic organization. Eur J Biochem 10, 198–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, SL, Rennie, CD, Hamilton, SJ & Tarnopolsky, MA (2001) Changes in skeletal muscle in males and females following endurance training. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 79, 386–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chmczynki, P & Sacchi, N (1987) Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem 162, 156–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dengel, DR, Hagberg, JM, Pratley, RE, Rogus, EM & Goldberg, AP (1998) Improvements in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipoprotein lipids after aerobic exercise plus weight loss in obese, hypertensive middle-aged men. Metabolism 47, 1075–1082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folch, J, Lees, M & Sloane, Stanley GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226, 497–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedlander, AL, Casazza, GA, Horning, MA, Buddinger, TF & Brooks, GA (1998) Effects of exercise intensity and training on lipid metabolism in young women. Am J Physiol 275, E853–E863.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedlander, AL, Casazza, GA, Horning, MA, Usaj, A & Brooks, GA (1999) Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men. J Appl Physiol 86, 2097–2105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, M, Terada, S, Kato, M, Katoh, M, Yokozeki, T, Tabata, I & Shimokawa, T (2000) cDNA cloning and mRNA analysis of PGC-1 in epitrochlearis muscle in swimming-exercised rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274, 350–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grinton, S, Powers, SK, Lawler, J, Criswell, D, Dodd, S & Edwards, W (1992) Endurance training-induced increases in expiratory muscle oxidative capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24, 551–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hara, K, Tobe, K, Okada, T, Kadowaki, H, Akanuma, Y, Ito, C, Kimura, S & Kadowaki, T (2002) A genetic variation in the PGC-1 gene could confer insulin resistance and susceptibility to Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 45, 740–743.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holloszy, J, Oscai, L, Don, I & Mole, P (1970) Mitochondrial citric acid cycle and related enzymes: adaptive response to exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 40, 1368–1373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horowitz, JF, Leone, TC, Feng, W, Kelly, DP & Klein, S (2000) Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a potential role for PPARalpha in the metabolic response to training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279, E348–E355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Host, HH, Hansen, PA, Nolte, LA, Chen, MM & Holloszy, JO (1998) Rapid reversal of adaptive increases in muscle GLUT-4 and glucose transport capacity after training cessation. J Appl Physiol 84, 798–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iritani, N, Nagashima, K, Fukuda, H, Katsurada, A & Tanaka, T (1986) Effects of dietary proteins on lipogenic enzymes in rat liver. J Nutr 116, 190–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iritani, N, Nishimoto, N, Katsurada, A & Fukuda, H (1992) Regulation of hepatic lipogenic enzyme gene expression by diet quantity in rats fed a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet. J Nutr 122, 28–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, S, Sohn, I, Lee, YS & Lee, YS (2005) Hepatic gene expression profiles are altered by genistein supplementation in mice with diet-induced obesity. J Nutr 135, 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markwell, MA, McGroarty, EJ, Bieber, LL & Tolbert, NE (1973) The subcellular distribution of carnitine acyltransferases in mammalian liver and kidney. A new peroxisomal enzyme. J Biol Chem 248, 3426–3432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeker, D & Kesten, HD (1940) Effect of high protein diets on experimental atherosclerosism of rabbits. Arch Pathol 31, 147–162.Google Scholar
Mezei, O, Banz, WJ, Steger, RW, Peluso, MR, Winters, TA & Shay, N (2003) Soy isoflavones exert antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects through the PPAR pathways in obese Zucker rats and murine RAW 264.7 cells. J Nutr 133, 1238–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miura, S, Kai, Y, Ono, M & Ezaki, O (2003) Overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha down-regulates GLUT4 mRNA in skeletal muscles. J Biol Chem 278, 31385–31390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morifuji, M & Aoyama, Y (2002) Dietary orotic acid affects antioxidant enzyme mRNA levels and oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in rat liver. J Nutr Biochem 13, 403–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pilegaard, H, Saltin, B & Neufer, PD (2003) Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 546, 851–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pritzlaff-Roy, CJ, Widemen, L, Weltman, JY, Abbott, R, Gutgesell, M, Hartman, ML, Veldhuis, JD & Weltman, A (2002) Gender governs the relationship between exercise intensity and growth hormone release in young adults. J Appl Physiol 92, 2053–2060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeves, PG, Nielsen, FH & Fahey, GC Jr (1993) AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet. J Nutr 123, 1939–1951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, AP, Feilchenfeldt, J, Schreiber, S, Praz, M, Crettenand, A, Gobelet, C, Meier, CA, Bell, DR, Kralli, A, Giacobino, JP & Deriaz, O (2003) Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 52, 2874–2881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, PK, Krohn, RI, Hermanson, GT, Mallia, AK, Gartner, FH, Provenzano, MD, Fujimoto, EK, Goeke, NM, Olson, BJ & Klenk, DC (1985) Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal Biochem 150, 76–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, T, Lee, SO, Murphy, PA & Hendrich, S (2003) Soy protein with or without isoflavones, soy germ and soy germ extract, and daidzein lessen plasma cholesterol levels in golden Syrian hamsters. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228, 1063–1068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugano, M & Koba, K (1993) Dietary protein and lipid metabolism: a multifunctional effect. Ann N Y Acad Sci 676, 215–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terada, S, Goto, M, Kato, M, Kawanaka, K, Shimokawa, T & Tabata, I (2002) Effects of low-intensity prolonged exercise on PGC-1 mRNA expression in rat epitrochlearis muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 296, 350–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toth, MJ, Gardner, AW & Poehlman, ET (1995) Training status, resting metabolic rate, and cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged men. Metabolism 44, 340–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tovar, AR, Murguia, F, Cruz, C, Hernandez-Pando, R, Aguilar-Salinas, CA, Pedraza-Chaverri, J, Correa-Rotter, R & Torres, N (2002) A soy protein diet alters hepatic lipid metabolism gene expression and reduces serum lipids and renal fibrogenic cytokines in rats with chronic nephrotic syndrome. J Nutr 132, 2562–2569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vega, RB, Huss, JM & Kelly, DP (2000) The coactivator PGC-1 cooperates with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in transcriptional control of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation enzymes. Mol Cell Biol 20, 1868–1876.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, J, Wang, X, Chiba, H, Higuchi, M, Nakatani, T, Ezaki, O, Cui, H, Yamada, K & Ishimi, Y (2004) Combined intervention of soy isoflavone and moderate exercise prevents body fat elevation and bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Metabolism 53, 942–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, Z, Puigserver, P, Andersson, U, Zhang, C, Adelmant, G, Mootha, V, Troy, A, Cinti, S, Lowell, B, Scarpulla, RC & Spiegelman, BM (1999) Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 98, 115–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed