¹ Traditionally, the Roma have been treated as a monolithic ethnic group. While it is certainly appropriate to refer generally to this diverse group as Roma or Romani, they are also known by other names in different countries in Europe. These names are often based on geography or traditional occupations. While most Roma groups share some common linguistic and cultural characteristics, there are often more differences than similarities between such groups. Some of the more prominent Roma tribes in Central and Eastern Europe are the Vlach (Wallachia), the Kalderasá (coppersmiths), the Kovači (blacksmiths), the Čurari (sieve makers), the Aurarí (gold washers), the Rudari (miners), the Ursari (bear leaders), and the Lingurari (spoon makers). These various tribes are subdivided into clans, whose names come from an ancestor, an animal, or an object of respect.Google ScholarDavid M., Crowe, “Roma: The Gypsies,” in Encyclopedia of European Social History from 1350 to 2000, ed. Peter N., Stearns (Detroit, 2000), 451–52.Google Scholar

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⁶⁶ Ibid., 23.

⁶⁷ Ibid., 23–24.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 20, 22–23.

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