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An Outstanding Claim: The Ryukyu/Okinawa Peoples’ Right to Self-Determination under International Human Rights Law
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 April 2022
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the legitimacy of Ryukyuans/Okinawans’1 right to self-determination (RSD) under international human rights law. To this end, it first details the evolution of the RSD from the traditional right to independence for colonial peoples, to the continuing right to self-governance for wider groups of peoples, which is followed by an analysis of holders of the RSD. The paper then turns to Ryukyu/Okinawa to discuss the RSD of its peoples. Three historical events, the Disposition of Ryukyu, the Treaty of San Francisco, and the reversion of Okinawa to Japan, are analysed from a legal perspective, followed by an examination of the peoplehood of Ryukyuans/Okinawans. These lead to the conclusion that the Ryukyuans/Okinawans may legitimately claim that they possess the “unexercised” RSD as a quasi-non-self-governing people, and that they are entitled to claim the RSD as a “people” under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and other United Nations declarations.
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Footnotes
1
Please note that Ryukyu is also spelled as Ryūkyū or Lew Chew. This paper uses the “Ryukyu” spelling, which is more widely used in academic writings and reports of civil society organizations and of UN human rights bodies. Also, drawing from the existence of linguistic minorities with diverse historical backgrounds within Ryukyu/Okinawa, “peoples”, a plural form of people, is used in addressing the Ryukyuans/Okinawans. Civil society organizations such as the Association of Comprehensive Studies for Independence of the Lew Chewans (ACSILs) and Association of the Indigenous Peoples in the Ryukyus (AIPR) also use a plural form. Therefore, this paper also uses a plural form; however, please note that when claiming the right Ryukyuans/Okinawans have done so collectively as one group, in contrast to the Yamatonchu or mainland Japanese.
References
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129 Principle Which Should Guide Members in Determining Whether or Not an Obligation Exists to Transmit the Information Called for under Article 73e of the Charter, supra note 25 at Principles IV and V.
130 Ibid.
131 Ibid.
132 Ibid. at Principles VIII and IX.
133 Ibid. at Principle VIII.
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136 Ibid. at 4.
137 Ibid.
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140 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries, 27 June 1989, 1650 U.N.T.S. 383 (entered into force 5 September 1991) [ILO Convention No. 169].
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157 Ibid.
158 Michael WEINER, “Discourses of Race, Nation and Empire in Pre-1945 Japan” in Michael WEINER, ed., Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and Imaginary Minorities, Volume I (London; New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004), 217 at 225.
159 Ibid. at 233.
160 Christy, supra note 156 at 178.
161 Ibid.
162 Arnaud NANTA, “Colonial Expositions and Ethnic Hierarchies in Modern Japan” in Pascal BLANCHARD, ed., Human Zoos: Science and Spectacle in the Age of Colonial Empires (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008), 248 at 250.
163 Ibid. at 249.
164 Ibid. at 251.
165 Ibid. at 255.
166 Christy, supra note 156 at 180.
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168 Ibid. at paras. 51–2.
169 Ibid. at para. 88.
170 Moriteru ARASAKI, Nihon Ni Totte Okinawa Toha Nanika [translated by Ai Abe: “What Is Okinawa to Japan?”] (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2016) at 34–7.
171 Richard SIDDLE (1998) as cited in Glen D. HOOK and Richard SIDDLE, “Introduction: Japan? Structure and Subjectivity in Okinawa” in Glen D. HOOK and Richard SIDDLE, eds., Japan and Okinawa: Structure and Subjectivity (London; New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003), 1 at 9.
172 Richard SIDDLE, “Return to Uchina ̄: The Politics of Identity in Contemporary Okinawa” in Hook and Siddle. Ibid. at 136.
173 Ibid.
174 Dietz, supra note 38 at 188.
175 Ibid.
176 Ibid. at 184.
177 Siddle, supra note 172 at 136.
178 Ibid.
179 Dietz, supra note 38 at 195.
180 Ibid.
181 Ibid. at 196.
182 Takeshi ONAGA, “Dairokkai Sekai No Uchinanchu Taikai Kaikai Siki Aisatsu” [translated by Ai Abe: “Opening Address of the Sixth World Wide Uchinanchu Festival”] (27 October 2017), online: Okinawa Prefectural Archives <http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/hisho/hpchijimessage/20161027utinanchu.html>.
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184 “Kenmin dearukoto hokorini omou 74%” [Translated by Ai Abe: “Feel Proud of Being Okinawan: 74%”] Ryukyu Shimpo (8 January 2022), online: Ryukyu Shimpo <https://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/entry-1451275.html>.
185 Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations, Report of the Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Volume V: Conclusions, Proposals and Recommendations, prepared by José R. MARTÍNEZ COBO, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4 (1987) at para. 379.
186 Uemura, supra note 79 at 107.
187 Opinion Statement of the City Council of Tomigusuku of Okinawa Prefecture, as cited in Tenth and Eleventh Combined Periodic Report, supra note 155 at para. 35.
188 Consultation on the Situation of Indigenous Peoples in Asia, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, prepared by James ANAYA, UN Doc. A/HRC/24/41/Add.3 (2013) at para. 32.
189 “Henoko Hantai Nezuyoku Okinawa Chijisen Yuruganu Minni Shimesu” [translated by Ai Abe: “Firm Objection to Henoko: Will of People Expressed in the Election”] Ryukyu Shimpo (1 October 2018), online: Ryukyu Shimpo <https://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/entry-811533.html>. Note that Uchinanchu is the term the people of Ryukyu/Okinawa use to refer to themselves.
190 Reference re Secession of Quebec, supra note 54 at para. 124.