¹ Germania, xlvii (1969), 97–128.Google Scholar

² Ulbert, Günter, Das frührömische Kastell Rheingönheim (Limesforchungen, ix (1969)), Taf. 32Google Scholar

³ Schoppa, Von Helmut, ‘Ein Gladius von Typus Pompeji’, Germania, lii (1974), 102–8.Google Scholar

⁴ Curie, J., A Roman Frontier Post and its People (1911), pl. xxxi, nos. 11 and 13.Google Scholar

⁵ Antiquities of Roman Britain (1951), fig. 36, no. 5.

⁶ I must thank Mr. Tim Tatton-Brown, Director of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust, for allowing me to both exhibit the object and publish this note in advance of the final publication of the site. Mr. George Boon, Professor O. A. W. Dilke, Mr. W. L. Goodman, and Miss Joan Liversidge kindly supplied much useful information per Tim Tatton-Brown. The drawing of the square is by Miss Gill Hulse of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust.

⁷ The custom of decorating the tips of the arms of such tools continued in the post-Roman period; see, for example, the square depicted on the inlaid panel of the chest of the Joiners’ Guild of Copenhagen dated 1679, illustrated in Goodman, W. L., The History of Woodwoorking Tools (London, 1964), p. 130 and fig. 136.Google Scholar

⁸ Hassall, Mark, ‘Inscriptions in Roman Britain 1978’, Britannia, x (forthcoming, 1979).Google Scholar

⁹ Thill, G., Les époques galloromaine et mérovingienne au Musée d'Histoire et d'Art, Luxembourg (Luxemburg, 1969), pl. vii.Google Scholar Mr. Don Bailey has kindly informed me that there is another similar example in Aquincum Museum, Budapest, that has a decorative cut-out area in the form of a large ivy leaf.

¹⁰ Information and photograph kindly provided by Mr. Anthony King.

¹¹ A Guide to the Exhibition illustrating Greek and Roman Life (British Museum, London, 1920), p. 166 and fig. 201.Google Scholar B. M. Acc. No. 1856-12-26. 966 (Temple Bequest). I am grateful to Mr. Don Bailey for a photograph and information about this piece.

¹² I am grateful to Dr. Rudolf Degen of the Schweizerisches Landesmuseum for details and a photograph. For an early publication see Mme. Ch. Daremberg, and Sagho, E., ‘Norma’ in Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines, iv. 1 (Paris, 1877). pp. 103–4 and fig. 5329.Google Scholar

¹³ Nash-Williams, V. E., ‘The Roman legionary fortress at Caerleon in Monmouthshire. Report on the excavation carried out in Prysg Field, 1927–29’, Archaeol. Cambrensis, lxxxvii (1932), 72, fig. 23.Google Scholar For modern examples of this type see Salaman, R. A., Dictionary of Tools used in the Woodworking and Allied Trades c. 1700-1970 (London, 1975), pp. 476–7 and fig. 695 (b).Google Scholar

¹⁴ For an illustration of this stone see Smith, W.et al. (eds.), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, ii (London, 1901), illus. on p. 243.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Recently displayed in London, see Ward-Perkins, J. and Claridge, A., Pompeii A.D. 79 (Bristol, 1976), No. 283.Google Scholar

¹⁶ C.I.L. VI 16534. See Jones, H. Stuart (ed.), A Catalogue of the Ancient Sculptures preserved in the Municipal Collection of Rome. The Sculptures of the Museo Capitolino (Oxford, 1912), p. 73 No. 3 and pl. xv No. 11.3.Google Scholar The cippus of the Aebutii, No. 6 and pl. xv, No. 11.6, also shows a similar square. Other clear examples can be seen on the monument of Lucius Alfius in Aquileia, see Bandinelli, R. B., Rome: The Late Empire (London, 1971), p. 111Google Scholar, fig. 98, and the funerary stele of a marmorarius in the Archaeological Museum, Reggio Emilia, see Susini, G., The Roman Stonecutter (Oxford, 1973), pl. 11.Google Scholar For other examples see the references cited by Blagg, T. F. C., ‘Tools and techniques of the Roman stonemason’, Britannia, vii (1976), 170, n. 60.Google Scholar (No attempt has been made in this note to gather together all the known illustrations.)

¹⁷ de Ridder, A., Les Bronzes Antiques du Louvre ii (Paris, 1915), p. 191Google Scholar, No. 3706 and pl. cxx. The instrument has an additional purpose in that its length is one Roman foot and, like the Canterbury square, it bears its owner's name, incised across its horizontal arm.

¹⁸ Smith, op. cit. in n. 14, Libella, p. 56.

¹⁹ There are many examples of libellae depicted on funerary reliefs, e.g. in Museo Capitolino, Rome, see Stuart Jones, op cit. in n. 16, p. 7 3, Nos. 3 and 4, p. 75, No. 6, and p. 76, No. 7. All are illustrated on pl. xv. See also Blagg, op. cit. in n. 16, p. 170 for three examples from Chester. For the medieval descendant of the libella, see the level illustrated in a manuscript of the Life of St. Alban, c. A.D. 1250 (Trinity College, Dublin MS. E. i. 40.1” 60a), in James, M. R. (ed.), La Estorie de Seint Aedward Le Rei (Oxford, 1920), p. 66 and plate. I am grateful to Mr. J. Clark for drawing my attention to this illustration.Google Scholar

²⁰ Robinson, J. A., ‘Effigies of Saxon Bishops at Wells’, Archaeologia, lxv (1914), 95–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹ Ibid., pl. x (photographs of plates).

²² The writer was invited, as Archaeological Consultant to the Dean and Chapter, to direct the investigation. I am indebted to the Dean, The Very Reverend Patrick Mitchell, and the Cathedral Architect, Mr. A. D. R. Caroe, F.S.A., for offering every facility and assistance necessary for this investigation. The human remains are currently under study by Dr. Juliet Rogers.

²³ The fact that EPC was not originally attached directly to the names Burhwoldus and Sigarus suggests that other words may have intervened. This is particularly interesting in view of the uncertainty that there ever was a bishop of Wells called Burhwold; and Sigar was traditionally credited (but wrongly) with being the first bishop of the diocese (see n. 20, op. cit.).

²⁴ For burial labels of this type see, for example, that of Abbot Roger II at Canterbury (1272): Arch. Cant. xxxiv (1920), 2.Google Scholar

²⁵ The inscription has not yet been deciphered.

²⁶ Antiq. Journ. xx (1940), 508–9.Google Scholar

²⁷ Antiq. Journ. iv (1924), 422–5.Google Scholar

²⁸ Rationale divinorum officiorum, VIII, xxxv, 38–9.

²⁹ Proc. Soc. Antiq., ser. 1, iii (1856), 165.Google Scholar

³⁰ I am indebted to Mrs. W. H. Ringrose-Wharton, the owner of Kilton Castle, for permission to exhibit the spout at the ballot, and to Miss L. Brown for the drawings.

³¹ Theuerkauff-Liederwald, A.-E., ‘Die Formen der Messingkannen in 15. und 16. Jahrhundert’, Rotterdam Papers, ii (1975), pp. 177–96.Google Scholar

³² Information received from our Fellow Mr. John Cherry.

³³ I am indebted to Mr. J. Lewis of the National Museum of Wales for details of this reported find.

³⁴ Antiq. Journ. liv (1974), 183–99.Google Scholar

³⁵ ‘The crop-mark sites at Mucking, Essex, England’, M. U., and Jones, W. T., in Bruce-Mitford, R. (ed.), Recent Archaeological Excavations in Europe (1975), pl. XXVIIIe, pp. 183–4.Google Scholar

³⁶ Wild, J. P., Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces (1970), 94 ffGoogle Scholar. and unpublished examples from Wroxeter and Doncaster.

³⁷ Pottery from Germa and Zinchecra kindly shown to me by Mr. Charles Daniels.

³⁸ All the information about the history of the Abbey given here is taken from the following sources: Revd. Eyton, R. W., ‘The Monasteries of Shropshire: their Origin and Founders—Haughmond Abbey’, Arch. Journ. xiii (1856), 145–53Google Scholar; V.C.H. Shropshire, ii (1973), pp. 62–70.Google Scholar See also Knowles, D. and Joseph, J. K. S. St, Monastic Sites from the Air (London, 1952), pp. xviii, 204Google Scholar; Knowles, D. and Hadcock, R. N., Medieval Religious Houses (London, 1953), pp. 140, 159.Google Scholar

³⁹ The V.C.H., loc. cit., says that the rebuilding of the Abbey church was started before 1155, but does not cite supporting evidence.

⁴⁰ Information from Mr. J. J. West of the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, Department of the Environment, to whom we are also grateful for all the other information given here about the physical remains of Haughmond Abbey and their interpretation.

⁴¹ For an account of the 1906 excavations see Hope, W. H. St. John and Brakspear, Harold, ‘Haughmond Abbey, Shropshire’, Arch. Journ. lxvi (1909), 281–310.Google Scholar The results of the later excavations were never published.

⁴² It was illustrated on the cover of Archaeological Excavations 1975 (London, 1976)Google Scholar, which also contains (p. 26) a brief account of the 1975 excavation. We are grateful to Dr. J. Ashley-Smith, Keeper of Conservation at the Victoria and Albert Museum, for the information that the composition of the alloy is approximately 80 per cent copper, 10 per cent tin, 6 per cent zinc, and 4 per cent lead. None of the 358 medieval and later bronze and latten objects analysed by Werner has a closely comparable composition. See Werner, O., ‘Analysen Mittelalterlicher Bronzen und Messinge I’, Archaeologie und Naturwissenschaften, 1 (1977), 144–221.Google Scholar

⁴³ von Falke, O. and Meyer, E., Romanische Leuchter und Gefässe—Giessgefässe der Gotik (Berlin, 1935), pp. 2–15, cat. no. 8, 9, 95,108,109, 182 etc.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ See, for example Das Schnütgen-Museum (Cologne, 1964)Google Scholar, no. 28; [Catalogue of the exhibition] Suevia Sacra. Frühe Kunst in Schwaben, (Rathaus, Augsburg, 1973), nos. 95, 98, and 99.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Von Falke and Meyer, op. cit., cat. no. 9. Cf. also a base in the Mainz Museum, ibid., no. 8.

⁴⁶ There is evidence for the production of high-quality bronze objects in England at this date, but they are associated with major monastic centres. See Oman, Charles, The Gloucester Candlestick (London, 1958), pp. 5–12Google Scholar; idem, ‘The Goldsmiths of St. Albans Abbey’, St. Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archaeological Society, Transactions, 1932 (1933), p. 229.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Haughmond is, of course, within easy reach of Hereford, Gloucester, and Worcester, all of which were important ecclesiastical centres that would have attracted craftsmen.

⁴⁸ We are grateful to Miss Justine Bayley of the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of the Department of the Environment for the information that milliprobe (XRF) analysis showed the base metal was fairly pure copper, with a small amount of lead (no tin or zinc detected). The gilding on both the angel's head and the main part was mercury gilding.

⁴⁹ Thoby, Paul, Les croix limousines de la fin du XII^e siècle au début du XIV^e siècle (Paris, 1953)Google Scholar, cat. nos. 60, 63, 65, 90. See also Gauthier, M.-M., ‘Croix d'émail champlevé de Limoges à Hanovre, Kestner Museum et à Reykjavik, Thjodminjasafn (Musée National)’, Bulletin de la Société Archéologique et Historique du Limousin, xcii (1965), 97–105.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ The conservation work was undertaken by Mrs. Marjorie Hutchinson and is described in Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report No. 2905.

⁵¹ Gentleman's Magazine, xxxi (1761), 415–17.Google Scholar

⁵² Ashmolean Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum. D. Pamela Tudor-Craig and Natalie Rothstein.

⁵³ ‘Verses on the coronation of their late Majesties King George II and Queen Caroline’, William Bowyer, 1761; Gentleman's Magazine, iii. 422. ‘Sylvanus Urban’ was John Nichols, Fellow, printer and editor of the Gentleman's Magazine etc.

⁵⁴ My attention was happily drawn to the head by Mrs. P. Bishop, Curator of the Holburne of Menstrie Museum, Bath.

⁵⁵ Professor J. M. C. Toynbee, with I whom have been fortunate in discussing the head (as also with authorities of the British Museum), compares coins of Gaius shown in B.M. Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire, i, pl. 30, nos. 4–6. Good portraits of Agrippina I may also be seen in Anne Robertson, Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Coin Cabinet, i, pl. 14.36 (p. 87: Gaius) and pl. 19.92 (p. 107: Claudius).

⁵⁶ If a later date is preferred, the appearance of Agrippina on restoration coinage of Titus will attest continued interest in her.

⁵⁷ The writer would like to acknowledge the help given by Mr. Tatton-Brown and by Mr. D. M. Bailey in the preparation of this note.

⁵⁸ This analysis was carried out by X-ray fluorescence at the British Museum Research Laboratory. Thanks are due to Dr. M. Tite, Keeper of the Laboratory, and Mr. M. Cowell, who carried out the examination.

⁵⁹ Marshall, F. H., Catalogue of the Jewellery … in the British Museum (London, 1911, reprinted 1969).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Haberey, W., ‘Ein Mädchengrab römischer Zeit aus der Josefstrasse in Bonn’, Bonner Jahrbücher, 161 (1961), 319, Taf. 58.Google Scholar

⁶¹ St. Margaret's Street excavation, excavation number 942B 41 942.

⁶² The examination of the beads was carried out by Miss M. Bimson of the British Museum Research Laboratory.

⁶³ Examination by X-ray fluorescence, carried out by Mr. M. Cowell.

⁶⁴ The full publication of the Cannon Street excavations by Mr. M. Rhodes, for the Museum of London's Department of Urban Archaeology, is forthcoming. The necklace fragment was separately published by Johns, C., ‘A Roman gold and emerald necklace from Cannon Street, London’, Antiq. Journ. lvi (1976), 247.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Bastien, P. and Metzger, C., Le Trésor de Beaurains (Numismatique Romain, X) (Wetteren, 1977).Google Scholar The necklaces are numbers B.1 and B.2, illustrated on pl. IV and discussed on pp. 163–4. They are in the Greek and Roman Department of the British Museum, and have the registration numbers 1924.5–14. 11 and 12.

⁶⁶ Excavation number 577 687.

⁶⁷ The writer would like to thank Professor Frere for providing information on this object. It will eventually be fully published in the report of the current work at Canterbury by Mr. Tatton-Brown.

⁶⁸ Excavation number 1821.

⁶⁹ Connection with Frankley and Hagley, Worcs., since 1291. MS. 520, Prattinton Collection, Pedigrees.

⁷⁰ D.N.B., Scottish Historical Society, 1887.

⁷¹ Soc. Antiq. London, Occasional Paper II.

⁷² My attention was drawn to the sale by Clive Wainwright, Fellow.

⁷³ Professor Christopher Brooke who kindly commented on the letter points out that within one year, 1742, Richard Robinson was Bishop of Killala and John Garnet, Bishop of Fearns.

⁷⁴ Undecipherable.

⁷⁵ Inscriptionum Antiquarum Graec. et Latin. Liber, 1752.

⁷⁶ Scottish History Society, 1881, Tours in Scotland, 1747, 1750, 1760; Royal Historical Society, Camden Series, N.S. 42, 1884, 2 vols.; Travels through Scotland of Dr. Richard Pococke, 1750, 1751.

⁷⁷ Revd. Charles Lyttleton gave the Society its first MS. collection, including the Lindsey Psalter.