Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T19:34:15.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

L. Le Bellego ,
J. van Milgen  and
J. Noblet
Get access

Abstract

The effects of high ambient temperature (T) on protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) and energy utilization were studied on 36 Piétrain ✕ (Landrace ✕ Large White) barrows according to a factorial design including two temperatures (23ºC for thermoneutrality and 30ºC for the high temperature) and four feeding levels. One feeding level corresponded to the voluntary food intake (VFI) at each temperature. Expressed as proportion of VFI at 23ºC, the actual feeding levels were 1·00, 0·90, 0·80, 0·70 at 23ºC and 0·80, 0·73, 0·68 and 0·62 at 30ºC. Animals were offered a wheat, maize and soya-bean meal based diet containing 187 g crude protein per kg and 0·95 g ileal standardized digestible lysine per MJ of net energy. Pigs were housed individually and had free access to water. The experiment started at 24 kg live weight and animals were slaughtered at 65 kg live weight and their body composition was measured. Slaughter of nine control pigs at the beginning of the experiment allowed calculation of the composition of gain (nutrients and energy) according to the comparative slaughter technique. Reduction of metabolizable energy (ME) intake resulted in a reduced live-weight gain at each T: the maximum gain was 1052 g/ day in pigs offered food ad libitum at 23ºC and the minimum (760 g/day) at the lowest intake at 30ºC. Visceral organ mass was lower at 30ºC than at 23ºC but was not affected by feeding level within T. Growth responses were described as polynomial or broken-line functions of ME intake (linear-plateau for PD). Both the slope and the plateau were influenced by T. At 30ºC, PDmax (143 g/day) was reached at 22·8 MJ ME per day, while at 23ºC PDmax (165 g/day) was reached at 28·4 MJ ME per day. In both cases, PDmax was reached at 0·88 of VFI at this temperature. Also the marginal response of PD to ME intake before the breakpoint was affected by T (5·9 and 4·5 g PD per MJ ME at 23ºC and 30ºC, respectively). At identical high ME intake (e.g. 0·80 of VFI at 23ºC), PD was greater at 23ºC than at 30ºC. In contrast, severe food restriction reduced PD at thermoneutrality more than an identical food restriction obtained at high ambient T. The results indicate that heat stress has a direct negative effect on PD and affects the partitioning of energy gain between protein and fat deposition.

Keywords

body compositionenergy intakegrowthheat stresspigs
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Science , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , August 2002 , pp. 85 - 96
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council. 1981. The nutrient requirements of pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, England.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th edition. AOAC, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bikker, P., Karabinas, V., Verstegen, M. W. A. and Campbell, R. 1995. Protein and lipid accretion in body components of growing gilts (20 to 45 kilograms) as affected by energy intake. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2355–2363.Google Scholar
Brown-Brandl, T.M, Nienaber, J. A. and Turner, L. W. 1998. Acute heat stress effects on heat production and respiration rate in swine. Transactions of ASAE 41: 789–793.Google Scholar
Brown-Brandl, T.M, Nienaber, J. A. and Yen, J. T. 2000a. Manual and thermal induced feed intake restriction on finishing barrows. I. Effects on growth, carcass composition, and feeding behavior. Transactions of the ASAE 43: 987–992.Google Scholar
Brown-Brandl, T.M, Nienaber, J. A. and Yen, J. T. 2000b. Manual and thermal induced feed intake restriction on finishing barrows. II. Effects on heat production, activity, and organ weights. Transactions of the ASAE 43: 993–997.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. G. and Taverner, M. R. 1988. Genotype and sex effects on the relationship between energy intake and protein deposition in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 66: 676–686.Google Scholar
Close, W. H. and Mount, L. E. 1978. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 1. Heat loss and critical temperature. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 413–421.Google Scholar
Close, W. H., Mount, L. E. and Brown, D. 1978. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig. 2. Growth rate, including protein and fat deposition. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 423–431.Google Scholar
Collin, A., Milgen, J. van, Dubois, S. and Noblet, J. 2001. Effect of high temperature and feeding level on energy utilization in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 79: 1849–1857.Google Scholar
Eurolysine and ITCF. 1995. Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs for pigs. Eurolysine and ITCF, Paris.Google Scholar
Henry, Y. 1993. Affinement du concept de la protéine idéale pour le porc en croissance. INRA Production Animales 6: 199–212.Google Scholar
Koong, L. J., Nienaber, J. A., Pekas, J. C. and Yen, J. T. 1982. Effects of plane of nutrition on organ size and fasting heat production in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 112: 1638–1642.Google Scholar
Le Bellego, L., Noblet, J. and Milgen, J. van. 2002. Effect of high temperature and low protein diets on performance of growing-finishing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80: 691–701.Google Scholar
Lopez, J., Goodband, R. D., Allee, G. L., Jesse, G. W., Nelssen, J. L., Tokach, M. D., Spiers, D. and Becker, B. A. 1994. The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and thermal balance of finishing gilts housed in a hot, diurnal environment. Journal of Animal Science 72: 367–379.Google Scholar
Massabie, P., Granier, R. and Dividich, J. l. 1996. Influence de la température ambiante sur les performances zootechniques du porc à l’engrais alimenté ad libitum . Journées de la Recherche Porcine en France 28: 189–194.Google Scholar
Milgen, J. van and Noblet, J. 1999. Energy partitioning in growing pigs: the use of a multivariate model as an alternative for the factorial analysis. Journal of Animal Science 77: 2154–2162.Google Scholar
Milgen, J. van, Quiniou, N. and Noblet, J. 2000. Modelling the relation between energy intake and protein and lipid deposition in growing pigs. Animal Science 71: 119–130.Google Scholar
Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. T. 1987a. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. I. Growth, feed intake and heat production. Transactions of the ASAE 30: 1772–1775.Google Scholar
Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. T. 1987b. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. II. Carcass composition and organ weights. Transactions of the ASAE 30: 1776–1779.Google Scholar
Noblet, J., Fortune, H., Shi, X. S. and Dubois, S. 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72: 344–354.Google Scholar
Noblet, J., Karege, C., Dubois, S. and Milgen, J. van. 1999. Metabolic utilization of energy and maintenance requirements in growing pigs: effects of sex and genotype. Journal of Animal Science 77: 1208–1216.Google Scholar
Noblet, J., Shi, X. S. and Dubois, S. 1993. Metabolic utilization of dietary energy and nutrients for maintenance energy requirements in sows: basis for a net energy system. British Journal of Nutrition 70: 407–419.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N., Dourmad, J.-Y. and Noblet, J. 1996. Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight. 1. Protein and lipid deposition. Animal Science 63: 277–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quiniou, N., Noblet, J., Dourmad, J.-Y. and Milgen, J. van. 1999. Influence of energy supply on growth characteristics in pigs and consequences for growth modelling. Livestock Production Science 60: 317–328.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N., Noblet, J., Milgen, J. van and Dourmad, J.-Y. 1995. Effect of energy intake on performance, nutrient and tissue gain and protein and energy utilization in growing boars. Animal Science 61: 133–143.Google Scholar
Quiniou, N., Noblet, J., Milgen, J. van and Dubois, S. 2000. Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures. British Journal of Nutrition 84: 97–106.Google Scholar
Rinaldo, D. and Le Dividich, J. 1991. Assessment of optimal temperature for performance and chemical body composition of growing pigs. Livestock Production Science 29: 61–75.Google Scholar
Stahly, T. S. and Cromwell, G. L. 1979. Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat supplementation on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 49: 1478–1488.Google Scholar
Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. 1990. SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 6, fourth edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.Google Scholar
Susenbeth, A. and Menke, K. H. 1991. The independence of the efficiency of energy utilization for growth (Kpf) of the composition of body mass gain in pigs. Proceedings of the 12th symposium on energy metabolism of farm animals (ed. Wenk, C. and Boessinger, M.), EAAP publication no. 58, pp. 99–102.Google Scholar
Verstegen, M. W. A. and Close, W. H. 1994. The environment and the growing pig. In Principles of pig science (ed. D. J. A. Cole, J. Wiseman and Varley, M. A.), pp. 333–353. Nottingham University Press. Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. and Fawcett, R. H. 1976. Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to simulate protein and lipid growth in pigs. Animal Production 22: 87–96.Google Scholar