Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-wxhwt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T19:26:26.929Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2008

Michael E. Smith
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This article presents archaeological data on Late Postclassic long-distance trade in central and northern Mesoamerica. Aztec trade goods from the Basin of Mexico (ceramics and obsidian) are widespread, while imports from other areas are much less common, both in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. The artifactual data signal a high volume of exchange in the Late Postclassic, and while trade was spatially nucleated around the Basin of Mexico, most exchange activity was apparently not under strong political control. The archaeological findings are compared with ethnohistoric sources to further our knowledge of the mechanisms of exchange, the effect of elite consumption on trade, and the relationship between trade and imperialism.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

References

REFERENCES

Acosta, Jorge R. 19561957 Interpretación de algunos de los datos obtenidos en Tula relativos a la epoca tolteca. Revista Mexicana de Esludios Antropológicos 14:75110.Google Scholar
Guillermo, Ahuja O. 1982 La cerámica prehispánica en el Templo Mayor. In El Templo Mayor: Excavaciones y estudios, edited by Moctezuma, Eduardo Matos, pp. 245252. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Anderson, Arthur J.O., Berdan, Frances, and Lockhart, James 1976 Beyond the Codices: The Nahua View of Colonial Mexico. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, Robert H. 1948 Tres complejos de cerámica del norte del rio Balsas. In El occidente de México, 4th Mesa Redonda, pp. 180190. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Barlow, Robert H. 1949 The Extent of the Empire of the Culhua Mexica. Ibero-Americana, no. 28, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1978 Ports of Trade in Mesoamerica: A Reappraisal. In Cultural Continuity in Mesoamerica, edited by Browman, David, pp. 179198. Mouton, The Hague.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1982 The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1985 Markets in the Economy of Aztec Mexico. In Markets and Marketing, edited by Plattner, Stuart, pp. 339367. University Press of America, Lanham.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1987a Political and Economic Geography of the Rastern Aztec Realm. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1987b The Economics of Aztec Luxury Trade and Tribute. In The Aztec Templo Mayor, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H., pp. 161183. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Berdan, Frances F. 1987c Cotton in Aztec Mexico: Production, Distribution, and Uses. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3:235262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, Heinrich 1956 Late Pottery Horizons of Tabasco, Mexico. Contributions to American Anthropology and History, vol. 12, no. 59. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Bernal, Ignacio 1948-1949 Exploraciones en Coixtlahuaca, Oaxaca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 10:576.Google Scholar
Blake, Michael 1985 Canajasté: An Evolving Postclassic Maya Site. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1978 Monte Alban: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capitol. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1983 Factors Underlying the Origin and Evolution of Market Systems. In Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories, edited by Ortiz, Sutti, pp. 5166. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E. 1987 A Comparative Political Economy of Empires. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., and Feinman, Gary 1984 The Mesoamerican World System. American Anthropologist 86:673682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, Warwick 1977 Maya Metalwork and Its External Connections. In Social Process in Maya Prehistory, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 365404. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth 1976 Specialization and Exchange at the Late Postclassic (Aztec) Community of Huexotla, Mexico. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth 1987a Elite and Utilitarian Crafts in the Aztec State. In Specialization, Exchange, and Complex Societies, edited by Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. and Earle, Timothy K., pp. 102118. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Brumfiel, Elizabeth 1987b Consumption and Politics at Aztec Huexotla. American Anthropologist 89:676686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byland, Bruce E. 1980 Political and Economic Evolution in the Tamazulapan Valley, Mixteca Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Cabrera, Castro Rubén 1986 El proyecto arqueológico “Cocula:” Resultados generales. In Arqueología y etnohistoria del estado de Guerrero, pp. 173200. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Robert 1971 Archaeological Synthesis of Michoacan and Adjacent Regions. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, part 2, edited by Ekholm, Gordon F. and Bernal, Ignacio, pp. 657693. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 11. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1969 Texcoco Fabric-Marked Pottery, Tlateles, and Salt-Making. American Antiquity 34:7376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H. 1981 Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnology: Interpretive Interfaces. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 4:129176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H., and Nichols, Deborah L. 1987 Late Postclassic and Colonial Period Elites at Otumba, Mexico. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Charlton, Thomas H., and Spence, Michael W. 1982 Obsidian Exploitation and Civilization in the Basin of Mexico. In Mining and Mining Techniques in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Weigand, Phil C. and Gwynne, Gretchen, pp. 786. Anthropology 6(1/2).Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1985 Ganned but Not Forgotten: Late Postclassic Archaeology and Ritual at Santa Rita Corozal, Belize. In The Lowland Maya Postclassic, edited by Chase, Arlen F. and Rice, Prudence M., pp. 104125. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, John E., Lee, Thomas A. Jr, and Salcedo, Tamara 1989 The Distribution of Obsidian. In Ancient Trade and Tribute: Economies of the Soconusco Kegion of Mesoamerica, edited by Voorhies, Barbara, pp. 268284. University of Utah Press, Sah Lake City.Google Scholar
Mendoza, Codex 1980 Colección de Mendoza o Códice Mendocino, edited by Troncoso, Francisco del Paso y. Editorial Inovación, Mexico City. (Reprint of 1925 edition)Google Scholar
Diaz, del Castillo Bernal 1983 Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, 13th ed., edited by Cabañnas, Joaquin Ramirez. Editorial Porrúa, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Drennan, Robert D. 1984a Long-Distance Transport Costs in Pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica. American Anthropologist 86:105112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drennan, Robert D. 1984b Long-Distance Movement of Goods in the Mesoamerican Formative and Classic. American Antiquity 49:2743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DuSolier, Wilfrido 1949 Cerámica arqueológica de San Cristobal Ecatepec. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 3:2757.Google Scholar
Earle, Timothy K., and Ericson, Jonathon E. (eds.) 1977 Exchange Systems in Prehistory. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., and Sheets, Payson D. 1990 Obsidian in the Maya Lowlands: Utilitarian Luxury or Ritual Necessity. In Pathways to Power: New Models for the Political Economy of Pre-Columbian Polities, edited by Netherly, Patricia and Freidel, David A.. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Galván, Villegas Luis Javier 19741975 La arqueología del Volle de Malinalco. 2 vols. Professional thesis, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Galván, Villegas Luis Javier 1984 Aspectos generales de la arqueología de Malinalco, estado de México. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Colección Cientifica, no. 137, Mexico City.Google Scholar
García, Payon José 1956-1957a Sintesis de las investigaciones estratigráficas practicadas en Tecaxic-Calixtlahuaca. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 14(2):157159.Google Scholar
García, Payon José 1956-1957b Sintesis de las excavaciones en Malinalco. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 14(2):161165.Google Scholar
García, Payon José 1971 Archaeology of Central Veracruz. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, part 2, edited by Ekholm, Gordon F. and Bernal, Ignacio, pp. 505542. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 11. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
González, González Carlos J. 1987 Mezcala Style Anthropomorphic Artifacts in the Templo Mayor. In The Aztec Templo Mayor, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H., pp. 145160. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Gorenstein, Shirley 1973 Tepexi El Viejo: A Postclassic Fortified Site in the Mixteca-Puebla Region of Mexico. American Philosophical Society, Transactions 63(1).Google Scholar
Gorenstein, Shirley 1985 Acámbaro: Frontier Settlement on the Tarascan-Aztec Border. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology, no. 32.Google Scholar
Greengo, Robert E. 1971 Late Ceramic Complexes in Northeastern Guerrero, Mexico. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B., and Espejo, Antonieta 1950 La alfarería del ultimo período de ocupación del valle de México, I: Culhuacan, Tenayuca, Tenochtitlan, y Tlatelolco. Memorias de la Academía Mexicana de la Historia 9(1):118169.Google Scholar
Healan, Dan M. 1986 Technological and Nontechnological Aspects of an Obsidian Workshop Excavated at Tula, Hidalgo. In Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico, edited by Isaac, Barry L., pp. 133152. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement no. 2. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Jack, Robert N., and Benfer, Alice 1973 Trace Element Analysis of Obsidian from Michoacan, Mexico: Preliminary Results. University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Contributions, no. 18:167176.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. (ed.) 1984 Trade and Exchange in Early Mesoamerica. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hirth, Kenneth G. 1990 Ancient Urbanism at Xochicalco. Book in preparation.Google Scholar
Hodge, Mary 1985 Aztec City-States. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Memoirs, no. 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, Keith 1978 Economic Growth and Towns in Classical Antiquity. In Towns in Societies, edited by Abrams, Philip and Wrigley, E.A., pp. 3577. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hosler, Dorothy 1988 Ancient West Mexican Metallurgy: A Technological Chronology. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:191217.Google Scholar
Isaac, Barry L. 1986 Notes on Obsidian, the Pochteca, and the Position of Tlatelolco in the Aztec Empire. In Economic Aspects of Prehispanic Highland Mexico, edited by Isaac, Barry L., pp. 319343. Research in Economic Anthropology, Supplement no. 2. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.Google Scholar
Jack, Robert N., Hester, Thomas R., and Heizer, Robert F. 1972 Geological Sources of Archaeological Obsidian from Sites in Northern and Central Veracruz, Mexico. In University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Contributions, no. 16:117122.Google Scholar
Lewarch, Dennis E. 1980 A Late Postclassic Lithic Industry from Western Morelos. Lithic Technology 9:1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, Michael 1987 The Sociocultural Dimensions of Mixtec Ceramics. Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology, no. 33.Google Scholar
Lister, Robert H. 1947 An Archaeological Survey of the Region About Teloloapan, Guerrero. In El occidente de México, 4th Mesa Redonda, pp. 107122. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Lister, Robert H. 1949 Excavations at Cojumatlan, Michoacan, Mexico. University of New Mexico Publications in Anthropology, no. 5.Google Scholar
Lister, Robert H. 1971 Archaeological Synthesis of Guerrero. In Archaeology of Northern Mesoamerica, part 2, edited by Ekholm, Gordon F. and Bernal, Ignacio, pp. 619631. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 11. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S., Peterson, F.A., and Flannery, Kent V. 1970 The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, vol. 3, Ceramics. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
McVicker, Donald 1987 The Twentieth-Century Value of a Nineteenth Century Collection. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Mason, Roger D. 1980 Economic and Social Organization of an Aztec Provincial Center: Archaeological Research at Coatlan Viejo, Morelos, Mexico. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Mateos, Higuera Salvador 1979 Herencia arqueológica de México-Tenochtitlan. In Trabajos arqueológicos en el centro de la ciudad de México, edited by Moctezuma, Eduardo Matos, pp. 205275. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Matos, Moctezuma Eduardo (ed.) 1982 El Templo Mayor: Excavaciones y estudios. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Medellín, Zenil Alfonso 1952 Exploraciones de Quauhtochco. Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, Jalapa.Google Scholar
Medellín, Zenil Alfonso 1960 Cerámicas del Totonacapan. Universidad Veracruzana, Jalapa.Google Scholar
Moedano, Hugo 1941 Estudio preliminar de la cerámica de Tzintzuntzan: Temporada II, 1939–1940. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 5:2142.Google Scholar
Moedano, Hugo 1946 La cerámica de Zinapecuaro, Michoacan. Anales del Museo Michoacano 4:3949.Google Scholar
Muller, Florencia 1956-1957 El valle de Tulancingo. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos 14(2): 129137.Google Scholar
Muller, Florencia 1978 La alfarería de Cholula. Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Muller, Florencia 1979 Estudio tipológico provisional de la cerámica del Balsas medio. Institute Nacional de Antroplogía e Historia, Colección Cientifica, no. 78, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Nelson, Fred W. 1985 Summary of the Results of Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from the Maya Lowlands. Scanning Electron Microscopy 2:631649.Google Scholar
O'Neill, George C. 1962 Postclassic Ceramic Stratigraphy at Chalco in the Valley of Mexico. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1966 The Aztec Ceramic Sequence in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. 2 vols. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Parsons, J., Brumfiel, E., Parsons, M., Popper, V., and Taft, M. 1982 Late Prehispanic Chinampa Agriculture on Lake Chalco – Xochimilco, Mexico: Preliminary Report. Unpublished report submitted to the National Science Foundation, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Parsons, Mary H. 1972 Spindle Whorls from the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico. In Miscellaneous Studies in Mexican Prehistory by Spence, M.W., Parsons, J.R. and Parsons, M.H., pp. 4580. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropotogy, Anthropological Papers, no. 45, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pasztory, Esther 1987 Texts, Archaeology, Art, and History in the Templo Mayor: Reflections. In The Aztec Templo Mayor, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H., pp. 451462. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1962 Metal Artifacts in Prehispanic Mesoamerica. American Antiquity 27:520545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plog, Fred 1977 Modeling Economic Exchange. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, Timothy K. and Ericson, Jonathon E., pp. 127140. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plunket, Patricia 1989 La población del valle de Atlizco: Fronteras cerámicas del Postclásico. Paper presented at the 21st Annual Mesa Redonda, Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mérida, Yucatan.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1962 The Artifacts of Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatan, Mexico, edited by Pollock, H.E.D. et al. , pp. 321442. Carnegie Institution of Washington, pub. 619.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1975 Trade as Action at a Distance: Questions of Integration and Communication. In Ancient Civilization and Trade, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Lamberg-Karlovsky, C.C., pp. 359. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1977 Alternative Models for Exchange and Spatial Distribution. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, Timothy K. and Ericson, Jonathon E., pp. 7190. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1983 Serpents and Styles in Peten Postclassic Pottery. American Anthropologist 85:866880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 1984 Obsidian Procurement in the Central Peten Lakes Region, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 11:181194.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, Betancourt Felipe 1986 Desarrollo cultural en la región de Mezcala-Tetela del Río. In Arqueología y etnohistoria del estado de Guerrero, pp. 155170. Institute Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de 19501982 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. 12 Books. Edited and translated by Andersen, A.J.O. and Dibble, C.E.. School of American Research, Santa Fe and University of Utah, Salt Lake City. (First published in 1569.)Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., Parsons, Jeffrey R., and Santley, Robert S. 1979 The Basin of Mexico: Ecological Processes in the Evolution of a Civilization. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T., and Santley, Robert S. 1983 A Tale of Three Cities: Energetics and Urbanization in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico. In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns: Essays in Honor of G.R. Willey, edited by Vogt, Evon Z. and Leventhal, Richard, pp. 243291. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Santley, Robert S. 1983 Obsidian Trade and Teotihuacán Influence in Mesoamerica. In Highland-Lowland Interaction in Mesoamerica: Interdisciplinary Approaches, edited by Miller, Arthur G., pp. 69124. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda 1984 Human Sacrifice among the Classic Maya. In Ritual Human Sacrifice in Mesoamerica, edited by Boone, Elizabeth H., pp. 748. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Paul 1986 Secuencia arqueológica de Xochipala. In Arqueología y etnohistoria del estado de Guerrero, pp. 107117. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Séjourné, Laurette 1970 Arqueología del valle de México, I: Culhuacan. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Séjourné, Laurette 1983 Arqueología e historia del valle de México: De Xochimilco a Amecameca. Siglo Veintiuno, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 1978 Artifacts. In The Prehistory of Chalchuapa, El Salvador, vol. 2, Artifacts and Figurines, edited by Sharer, Robert, pp. 2107. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Sisson, Edward B. 1973 First Annual Report of the Coxcatlan Project. Peabody, Robert S.Foundation for Archaeology, Andover, MA.Google Scholar
Sisson, Edward B. 1974 Second Annual Report of the Coxcatlan Project. Peabody, Robert S.Foundation for Archaeology, Andover, MA.Google Scholar
Sisson, Edward B. 1984 Archaeological Evidence for Aztec Expansion in Southern Puebla and Northern Oaxaca. Paper presented at the 1984 Annual Meeting, American Society for Ethnohistory, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1983 Postclassic Culture Change in Western Morelos, Mexico: The Development and Correlation of Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Chronologies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1986 The Role of Social Stratification in the Aztec Empire: A View from the Provinces. American Anthropologist 88:7091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987a The Expansion of the Aztec Empire: A Case Study in the Correlation of Diachronie Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Data. American Antiquity 52:3754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987b Imperial Strategies in the Western Portion of the Aztec Empire. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987c Household Possessions and Wealth in Agrarian States: Implications for Archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6:297335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1987d Archaeology and the Aztec Economy: The Social Scientific Use of Archaeological Data. Social Science History 11:237259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael E. 1990 Rhythms of Change in Postclassic Central Mexico: Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Braudellian Model. To appear in Annales, Archaeology, and Ethnohistory, edited by Knapp, A. Bernard. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Heath-Smith, Cynthia 1980 Waves of Influence in Postclassic Mesoamerica? A Critique of the Mixteca-Puebla Concept. Anthropology 4(2):1550.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., and Hirth, Kenneth G. 1988 The Development of Cotton Spinning Technology in Postclassic Morelos, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:349358.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E., Sorensen, Jerrel H., and Hopke, Philip K.. 1984 Obsidian Exchange in Postclassic Central Mexico: New Data from Morelos. Paper presented at the 1984 International Symposium on Archaeometry, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Smith, Michael E. et al. , 1989 Architectural Patterns at Three Aztec Period Sites in Morelos, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 16:185203.Google Scholar
Snow, Dean R. 1966 Seriation of Archaeological Collections from the Rio Zahuapan Drainage. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
South, Stanley 1977 Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W. 1985 Specialized Production in Rural Aztec Society: Obsidian Workshops of the Teotihuacan Valley. In Contributions to the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Greater Mesoamerica, edited by Folan, William J., pp. 76125. Southern Illinois Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Spence, Michael W., and Parsons, Jeffrey R. 1972 Prehispanic Obsidian Exploitation in Central Mexico: A Preliminary Synthesis. In Miscellaneous Studies in Mexican Prehistory, by Spence, M.W., Parsons, J.R., and Parsons, M.H., pp. 143. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers, no. 45, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, Barbara L. 1990 The Central Highlands of Mexico and the Gulf Coast: Alternative Material Culture Models for Interaction. Research in Economic Anthropology, edited by Isaac, Barry L.. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT. (in preparation)Google Scholar
Stocker, Terence L., and Cobean, Robert H. 1984 Preliminary Report on the Obsidian Mines at Pico de Orizaba, Veracruz. In Prehistoric Quarries and Lithic Production, edited by Ericson, Jonathan E. and Purdy, Barbara A., pp. 8395. Cambridge University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szymborski, Deborah J. 1987 Ground Stone Analysis. Unpublished senior thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Loyola University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Thouvenot, Marc 1982 Chalchihuitl: Le jade chez les Azteques. Institut d' Ethnologie, Paris.Google Scholar
Tolstoy, Paul 1958 Surface Survey of the Northern Valley of Mexico: The Classic and Post-Classic Periods. American Philosophical Society, Transactions, vol. 48, no. 5.Google Scholar
Torquemada, Fray Juan de 19751983 Monarquia indiana. 7 vols. edited by León-Portilla, Miguel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Umberger, Emily 1987a Antiques, Revivals, and References to the Past in Aztec Art. Res 13:62105.Google Scholar
Umberger, Emily 1987b Style in the Aztec Empire. Paper presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
van Zantwijk, Rudolf A.M. 1967 La organización de once guarniciones aztecas: Una nueva interpretación de los folios 17v y 18r del Códice Mendocino. Journal de la Société del Americanistes de Paris 56:149160.Google Scholar
Vargas, Pacheco Ernesto 1975 La cerámica. In Teotenango: El antiguo lugar de la muralla, vol. 1, edited by Chán, Román Piña, pp. 189264. Gobierno del Estado de México, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Wagner, Diana 1982 Reporte de las ofrendas excavadas, 1978. In El Templo Mayor: Excavaciones y estudios, edited by Moctezuma, Eduardo Matos, pp. 119142. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Weigand, Phil C., Harbottle, Garman, and Sayre, Edward V. 1977 Turquoise Sources and Source Analysis: Mesoamerica and the Southwestern USA. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, edited by Earle, Timothy K. and Ericson, Jonathon E., pp. 1534. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitlaner, Robert J. 1948 Exploración arqueológica en Guerrero. In El occidente de México, 4th Mesa Redonda, pp. 7784. Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Wonderly, Anthony 1986 Naco, Honduras: Some Aspects of a Late Precolumbian Community on the Eastern Maya Frontier. In The Southeast Maya Periphery, edited by Urban, Patricia and Schortman, Edward, pp. 313332. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodbury, Richard B., and Trik, Aubrey S. 1953 The Ruins of Zaculeu, Guatemala. 2 vols. United Fruit Company, New York.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, Robert N. 1982 Toward a More Comprehensive Model of Interregional Commodity Distribution: Political Variables and Prehistoric Obsidian Procurement in Mesoamerica. American Antiquity 47:260275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar