Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T18:08:41.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

BOUNDARY THINGS IN THE EASTERN MAYA LOWLANDS: NEGOTIATING ALLIED RELATIONS FROM TERMINAL CLASSIC TO POSTCLASSIC TIMES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2020

Eleanor Harrison-Buck*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of New Hampshire, 73 Main Street, Durham, New Hampshire03824
Timothy W. Pugh
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Queens College-CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Flushing, NY11367
*
E-mail correspondence to: e.harrison-buck@unh.edu

Abstract

In this study, we offer a relational approach to theorizing boundaries for the Maya, adapting Mills’ (2018) concept of “boundary objects” as a means of understanding how people and things bridge or cross boundaries and were critical for developing and maintaining allied relations. We trace a network of sites on both sides of the Guatemala–Belize border dating to the Terminal Classic and Postclassic, which are generally characterized as times of increased conflict, movement and migration of people, and disruption in dynastic succession with an emphasis on shared governance. We examine the introduction of northern-style traits in the eastern Maya lowlands during the Terminal Classic and Postclassic periods, including circular and colonnaded buildings and distinctive portable goods such as molded-carved ceramics, phallic and turtle effigies, and other material forms. We suggest that during fractious periods in Maya history, northern traits were implicated in boundary crossing negotiations and entangled relations, which included marriage alliances with “foreigners” as a means of elite legitimation.

Type
Special Section: Borders, Frontiers, and Boundaries in the Maya World: Concepts and Theory
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Richard E. W. 1963 Seibal, Petén: Una sequencia cerámica preliminar y un nuevo mapa. Estudios de Cultura Maya 3:8596.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W. 1971 Ceramics of Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala. Peabody Museum Papers 63. Peabody Museum, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Amrhein, Laura M., and Looper, Matthew G. 2015 The House of the Phalli and the Constitution of Sacred Space through Gender Performances at Chichen Itzá. In Memory Traces: Analyzing Sacred Space at Five Mesoamerican Sites, edited by Cynthia Kristan-Graham and Laura M. Amrhein, pp. 131167. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andres, Christopher R. 2009 Architecture and Sociopolitical Transformation at Chau Hiix, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 34:124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traci, Ardren 2012 The Phalli Stones of the Classic Maya Northern Lowlands: Masculine Anxiety and Regional Identity. In Power and Identity in Archaeological Theory and Practice: Case Studies from Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, pp. 5362. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Arnauld, M. Charlotte 2001 La “Casa Grande”: Evolucion de la arquitectura del poder del clasico al postclasico. In Reconstruyendo la ciudad maya: El urbanismo en las sociedades antiguas, edited by Ciudad, Andrés Ruiz, Iglesias, María Josefa, and Martínez Martínez, María del Carmen, pp. 363401. Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas, Madrid.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy, and Sabloff, Jeremy A. 2002 Spatial Orders in Maya Civic Plans. Latin American Antiquity 13:201215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astor-Aguilera, Miguel A. 2010 The Maya World of Communicating Objects: Quadripartite Crosses, Trees, and Stones. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse 1877 On the Art of War and Mode of Warfare of the Ancient Mexicans. Salem Press, Salem.Google Scholar
Bassie-Sweet, Karen 2008 Maya Sacred Geography and the Creator Deities. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Bauer, Alexander A. 2019 Itinerant Objects. Annual Review of Anthropology 48:335352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bey, George J., III, Hanson, Craig A., and Ringle, William M. 1997 Classic to Postclassic at Ek Balam, Yucatán: Architectural and Ceramic Evidence for Defining the Transition. Latin American Antiquity 8:237254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bey, George J., III, and May Ciau, Rossana 2014 The Role and Realities of Popol Nahs in Northern Maya Archaeology. In The Maya and their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts, and Ceramics, edited by Braswell, Geoffrey E., pp. 335355. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Brown, Linda A., and Walker, William H. 2008 Prologue: Archaeology, Animism and Non-Human Agents. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15:297299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmack, Robert M. 1981 The Quiché Mayas of Utatlán: The Evolution of a Highland Guatemala Kingdom. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Carmack, Robert M., and Wallace, Dwight T. 1977 Overview. In Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Central Quiche, edited by Wallace, Dwight T. and Carmack, Robert M., pp. 98109. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Publication No. 1. State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Carrasco, Michael D., and Englehardt, Joshua D. 2015 Diphrastic Kennings on the Cascajal Block and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Writing. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25:635656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Nicholas P. 2014 Kingship and Collapse: Inequality and Identity in the Terminal Classic Southern Maya Lowlands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence.Google Scholar
Cecil, Leslie G., and Pugh, Timothy W. 2018 Souls of the Ancestors: Postclassic Maya Architecture, Incensarios, and Mana. Ancient Mesoamerica 29:157170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Arlen F. 1985 Troubled Times: The Archaeology and Iconography of the Terminal Classic Southern Lowland Maya. In Fifth Palenque Round Table, 1983, edited by Robertson, Merle G. and Fields, Virginia M., pp. 103114. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Grube, Nikolai, and Chase, Diane Z. 1991 Three Terminal Classic Monuments from Caracol, Belize. Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing, No. 36. Center for Maya Research, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1982 Spatial and Temporal Variability in Postclassic Northern Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z. 1985 Between Earth and Sky: Idols, Images, and Postclassic Cosmology. In Fifth Palenque Round Table, 1983, Vol. VII, edited by Robertson, Merle G. and Fields, Virginia M., pp. 223233. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1982 Yucatec Influence in Terminal Classic Northern Belize. American Antiquity 47:596614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 1988 A Postclassic Perspective: Excavations at the Maya Site of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize. Monograph No. 4. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Chase, Diane Z., and Chase, Arlen F. 2008 Late Postclassic Ritual at Santa Rita Corozal, Belize: Understanding the Archaeology of a Maya Capital City. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5:7992.Google Scholar
Cheek, Charles D. 2003 Maya Community Buildings: Two Late Classic Popal Nahs at Copan, Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica 14:131138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965 A Model of Ancient Community Structure in the Maya Lowlands. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21:97114.Google Scholar
de Landa, Diego 1941 [1566] Landa's Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán. Edited by Tozzer, Alfred. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 18. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A. 2004 After the Maelstrom: Collapse of the Classic Maya Kingdoms and the Terminal Classic in Western Petén. In The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation, edited by Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S., pp. 102139. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Demarest, Arthur A., Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S. (editors) 2004 The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
de Rosny, Léon 1883 Codex Cortesianus: Manuscrit hiératique des anciens Indiens de l'Amérique Centrale, conservé au Musée archéologique de Madrid, photographié et publié pour la première fois, avec une introduction et un vocabulaire de l'écriture hiératique yucatèque. Libraires de la Société d’Ethnographie, Paris.Google Scholar
Doyle, James A. 2012 Regroup on “E Groups”: Monumentality and Early Centers in the Middle Preclassic Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 23:355379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreiss, Meredith L., and Greenhill, Sharon E. 2008 Chocolate: Pathway to the Gods. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Driver, W. David 2002 An Early Classic Colonnaded Building at the Maya Site of Blue Creek, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 13:6384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duff, Leslie, and Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2015 Examining Distributions of Turtle Bone and Obsidian associated with Shrine Structures. In Investigations of the Belize River East Archaeology Project: A Report of the 2014 and 2015 Field Seasons, Volume 2, edited by Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, pp. 3647. Occasional Paper No. 7. University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Fash, Barbara W., Fash, William, Lane, Sheree, Larios, Rudy, Schele, Linda, Stomper, Jeffrey, and Stuart, David 1992 Investigations of a Classic Maya Council House at Copán, Honduras. Journal of Field Archaeology 19:419442.Google Scholar
Fox, John W. 1987 Maya Postclassic State Formation: Segmentary Lineage Migration in Advancing Frontiers. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A., and Guenter, Stanley 2003 Bearers of War and Creation. Electronic document http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/siteq2, accessed November 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Susan D., and Joyce, Rosemary A. 1997 Gendered Goods: The Symbolism of Maya Hierarchical Exchange Relations. In Women in Prehistory: North America and Mesoamerica, edited by Claassen, Cheryl and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 189207. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Golden, Charles, and Scherer, Andrew K. 2013 Territory, Trust, Growth, and Collapse in Classic Period Maya Kingdoms. Current Anthropology 54:397435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, Charles, Scherer, Andrew K., René Munõz, A., and Vásquez, Rosaura 2008 Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 19:249274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, Charles, Scherer, Andrew K., René Munõz, A., and Hruby, Zachary X. 2011 Polities, Boundaries, and Trade in the Usumacinta River Basin. Mexicon 34:1119.Google Scholar
Gosselain, Olivier P. 2016 The World is Like a Beanstalk: Historicizing Potting Practice and Social Relations in the Niger River Area. In Knowledge in Motion: Constellations of Learning Across Time and Place, edited by Roddick, Andrew P. and Stahl, Ann M., pp. 3666. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth A., McNatt, Logan, and Gutchen, Mark A. 1980 Excavations in Footprint Cave, Caves Branch, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 7:153172.Google Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas 1995 Maya Settlement and Trade on Ambergris Caye, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 6:147159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guderjan, Thomas H., Preston, Tim, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, and Bozarth, Steven 2009 Understanding the Causes of Abandonment in the Maya Lowlands. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 24.2:99121.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina, Freiwald, Carolyn, and Iannone, Gyles 2020 Introduction to the Special Section: Borders, Frontiers, and Boundaries in the Maya World: Concepts and Theory. Ancient Mesoamerica 31:453460.Google Scholar
Halperin, Christina T., and Garrido, Jose Luis 2020 Architectural Aesthetics, Orientations, and Reuse at the Terminal Classic Maya Site of Ucanal, Petén, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 45:4666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2012 Architecture as Animate Landscape: Circular Shrines in the Ancient Maya Lowlands. American Anthropologist 114:6480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2013 Investigations of a Circular Structure at Ik'nal (Operation 13). In Archaeology in the Middle Belize Valley: A Report of the 2012 Belize River East Archaeology Project, edited by Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, pp. 98120. Occasional Paper No. 6. University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2015 Investigations of a Columned Structure at Jabonche (Operation 26). In Investigations of the Belize River East Archaeology Project: A Report of the 2014 and 2015 Field Seasons, Volume 1, edited by Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, pp. 218226. Occasional Paper No. 7. University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2016 Killing the “Kings of Stone”: The Defacement of Classic Maya Monuments. In Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings, edited by Iannone, Gyles, Houk, Brett, and Schwake, Sonja, pp. 6188. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2017 The Coin of Her Realm: Cacao as Gendered Good Among the Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Maya. In The Value of Things: Prehistoric to Contemporary Commodities in the Maya Region, edited by Matthews, Jennifer and Guderjan, Thomas, pp. 104123. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2020 Maya Relations with the Material World. In The Maya World, edited by Hutson, Scott and Ardren, Traci, pp. 424442. Routledge, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor 2021 Relational Economies of Reciprocal Gifting: A Case Study of Exchanges in Ancient Maya Marriage and War. Current Anthropology. In press.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, Runggaldier, Astrid, and Gantos, Alex 2018 It's the Journey Not the Destination: Maya New Year's Pilgrimage and Self-Sacrifice as Regenerative Power. Journal of Social Archaeology 18:325347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, Moriarty, Ellen Spensley, and McAnany, Patricia A. 2013 Classic Maya Ceramic Hybridity in the Sibun Valley of Belize. In The Archaeology of Hybrid Material Culture, edited by Card, Jeb, pp. 185206. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Occasional Paper No. 39. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, and McAnany, Patricia A. 2013 Terminal Classic Circular Architecture in the Sibun Valley, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 24:295306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatala, Andrew R. 2013 Being and Becoming Maya in Chan Kom: Towards Heideggerian Interpretations of Cultural Transformation. Advances in Anthropology 3:1622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1968 Ancient Lowland Maya Social Organization. In Archaeological Studies in Middle America, edited by Andrews, E. Wyllys IV, Berlin, Henrich, Kelly, David H., Haviland, William A., Carmack, Robert M., de Borhegyi, Stephan F., Morley, Sylvanus G., and Folan, William J., pp. 93117. Middle America Research Institute, Publication 26. Middle America Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1988 Musical Hammocks at Tikal: Problems with Reconstructing Household Composition. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wilk, Richard R. and Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 121134. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Heidegger, Martin 1971 Poetry, Language, Thought. Translated by Hofstadter, Albert. Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe G.B. 2006 A Summary of the 1999–2002 Seasons of Archaeological Investigations at Pook's Hill, Cayo District, Belize. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 3:173191.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe G.B., and Reents-Budet, Dorie 2008 A Terminal Classic Molded-Carved Ceramic Type of the Eastern Maya Lowlands. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5:3749.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe G. B., and Ting, Carmen 2017 Notes on Terminal Classic Molded-Carved Ceramics from Pacbitun, Cayo, Belize. In Pacbitun Regional Archaeological Project (PRAP): Report on the 2016 Field Season, edited by Powis, Terry G., pp. 73103. Report submitted to the Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan.Google Scholar
Hermes, Bernard, and Źrałka, Jaroslaw 2012 Nakum and Yaxha during the Terminal Classic Period: External Relations and Strategies of Survival at the Time of the Collapse. Contributions in New World Archaeology 4:175204.Google Scholar
Houston, Stephen 2012 The Good Prince: Transition, Texting and Moral Narrative in the Murals of Bonampak, Chiapas, Mexico. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22:153175.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles, Houk, Brett, and Schwake, Sonja (editors) 2016 Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingold, Tim 2010 Bringing Things to Life: Creative Entanglements in a World of Materials. National Centre for Research Methods (NCRM) Working Paper Series 05/10, Morgan Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester. Electronic document, available at http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/1306, accessed November 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Jansen, Maarten, and Jiménez, Gabina Aurora Pérez 2010 The Mixtec Pictorial Manuscripts: Time, Agency and Memory in Ancient Mexico. BRILL, Boston.Google Scholar
Jones, Grant D. 1998 The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A. 2004 Unintended Consequences? Monumentality as a Novel Experience in Formative Mesoamerica. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 11:529.Google Scholar
Joyce, Rosemary A., and Gillespie, Susan D. (editors) 2015 Things in Motion: Object Itineraries in Anthropological Practice. School for Advanced Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Kidder, Alfred V. 1947 The Artifacts of Uaxactun, Guatemala. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 576. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Koontz, Rex 2010 Lightning Gods and Feathered Serpents: The Public Sculpture of El Tajín. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 1989 Who Am I among the Itza?: Links between Northern Yucatán and the Western Maya Lowlands and Highlands. In Mesoamerica After the Decline of Teotihuacan, AD 700–900, edited by Diehl, Richard A. and Berlo, Janet Catherine, pp. 173185. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 2003 Evidence for the Functions and Meanings of Some Northern Maya Palaces. In Maya Palaces and Elite Residences: An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by Christie, Jessica J., pp. 204252. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K. 2007 What's “Toltec” at Uxmal and Chichén Itzá? Merging Maya and Mesoamerican Worldviews and World Systems in Terminal Classic to Early Postclassic Yucatán. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 251313. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kowalski, Jeff K., R., Alfredo Barrera, M., Heber Ojeda, and H., José Huchim 1994 Archaeological Excavations of a Round Temple at Uxmal: Summary Discussion and Implications for Northern Maya Culture History. In Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993, edited by Robertson, Merle Green, Macri, Martha J., and McHargue, Jan, pp. 281296. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, and Kowalski, Jeff K. 2007 Chichén Itzá, Tula, and Tollan: Changing Perspectives on a Recurring Problem in Mesoamerican Archaeology and Art History. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 1383. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Krochock, Ruth J. 2002 Women in the Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Chichén Itzá. In Ancient Maya Women, edited by Ardren, Traci, pp. 152170. Altamira Press, Lanham.Google Scholar
Kubler, George 1990 The Art and Architecture of Ancient America: The Mexican, Maya, and Andean Peoples. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, Kent G., and Martinez, Antoniette 1995 Frontiers and Boundaries in Archaeological Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 24:471492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López Austin, Alfredo, and López Lujan, Leonardo 2000 The Myth and Reality of Zuyua: The Feathered Serpent and Mesoamerican Transformations from the Classic to the Postclassic. Trans. Scott Sessions. In Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs, edited by Carrasco, David, Jones, Lindsay, and Session, Scott, pp. 219252. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1976 Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1987 The Inscriptions of Calakmul: Royal Marriage at a Maya City in Campeche, Mexico. Technical Report 21. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1992 Royal Families, Royal Texts: Examples from the Zapotec and Maya. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 221241. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Marken, Damien B., and Fitzsimmons, James L. (editors) 2015 Classic Maya Polities of the Southern Lowlands: Integration, Interaction, Dissolution. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2005 Caracol Altar 21 Revisted: More Data on Double-Bird and Tikal's Wars of the Mid-Sixth Century. The PARI Journal 6:19.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2008 Wives and Daughters on the Dallas Altar. Electronic document, www.mesoweb.com/articles/martin/Wives&Daughters.pdf, accessed November 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Martin, Simon 2017 Secrets of the Painted King List: Recovering the Early History of the Snake Dynasty. Electronic document, https://mayadecipherment.com/2017/05/05/secrets-of-the-painted-king-list-recovering-the-early-history-of-the-snake-dynasty, accessed November 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Masson, Marilyn A. 1999 Postclassic Maya Communities at Progresso Lagoon and Laguna Seca, Northern Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 26:285306.Google Scholar
McAnany, Patricia A. 2012 Terminal Classic Maya Heterodoxy and Shrine Vernacularism in the Sibun Valley, Belize. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22:115134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCafferty, Geoffrey 2007 So What Else is New? A Cholula-Centric Perspective on Lowland/Highland Interaction in the Classic/Postclassic Transition. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 449481. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
McNeil, Cameron L. 2006 Traditional Cacao Use in Modern Mesoamerica. In Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao, edited by McNeil, Cameron L., pp. 341366. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Milbrath, Susan, and Peraza Lopes, Carlos 2009 Survival and Revival of Terminal Classic Traditions at Postclassic Mayapan. Latin American Antiquity 29:581606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2018 Intermarriage, Technological Diffusion, and Boundary Objects in the U.S. Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 25:10511086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Andrew J. 2015 The Fourfold: Reading the Late Heidegger. Northwestern University Press, Evanston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy 2013 An Archaeology of the Cosmos: Rethinking Agency and Religion in Ancient America. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1981 Lamanai, Belize: Summary of Excavation Results 1974–1980. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:2953.Google Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1982 Excavations at Altun Ha Belize, 1964–1970. Vol. 2. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.Google Scholar
Peraza Lopes, Carlos, and Masson, Marilyn A. 2014 An Outlying Temple, Hall, and Elite Residence. In Kukulcan's Realm: Urban Life at Ancient Mayapán, edited by Masson, Marilyn A. and Lopes, Carlos Peraza, pp. 105148. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Pohl, John M. D. 2003 Ritual Ideology and Commerce in the Southern Mexican Highlands. In The Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Smith, Michael E. and Berdan, Frances F., pp. 172177. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1962a Civic and Religious Structures of Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatán, Mexico, edited by Pollock, Harry E.D., Roys, Ralph L., Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, and Smith, Alfred L., pp. 87164. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1962b The Artifacts of Mayapan. In Mayapan, Yucatán, Mexico, edited by Pollock, Harry E.D., Roys, Ralph L., Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, and Smith, Alfred L., pp. 321442. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W. 2001 Flood Reptiles, Serpent Temples, and the Quadripartite Universe: The Imago Mundi of Late Postclassic Mayapan. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:247258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W. 2003 The Exemplary Center of the Late Postclassic Kowoj Maya. Latin American Antiquity 14:408430.Google Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W., Rice, Prudence M., Chan Nieto, Evelyn, and Rice, Don S. 2016 A Chak'an Itza Center at Nixtun-Ch'ich’, Petén, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 41:116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W., and Yuko, Shiratori 2018 Postclassic Architectural Traditions and the Petén Itzas. In Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Itzas of Petén, Guatemala, edited by Rice, Prudence M. and Rice, Don S., pp. 227251. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, Timothy W., Sánchez, José Rómulo, and Shiratori, Yuko 2012 Contact and Missionization at Tayasal, Petén, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 37:319.Google Scholar
Reents-Budet, Doris 2001 Classic Maya Concepts of the Royal Court: An Analysis of Renderings on Pictorial. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Vol. 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 195233. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, Peter Mathews, Julia Guernsey, and Fritzler, Marlene 2009 Warrior Queens among the Classic Maya. In Blood and Beauty: Organized Violence in the Art and Archaeology of Mesoamerica and Central America, edited by Orr, Heather and Koontz, Rex, pp. 3972. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1988 Classic to Postclassic Maya Household Transition in the Central Peten, Guatemala. In Household and Community in the Mesoamerican Past, edited by Wilk, Richard R. and Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 227248. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S. 1986 The Peten Postclassic: A Settlement Perspective. In Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A. and Andrews, E. Wyllys V., , pp. 301344. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Don S., and Puleston, Dennis E. 1981 Ancient Maya Settlement Patterns in the Peten, Guatemla. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 121156. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2004 Maya Political Science: Time, Astronomy, and the Cosmos. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2018 Lowland Maya Epiclassic Migrations. In Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Itzas of Petén, Guatemala, edited by Rice, Prudence M. and Rice, Don S., pp. 97133. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., Boileau, Arianne, Cecil, Leslie G., DeFrance, Susan D., Freiwald, Carolyn, Meissner, Nathan J., Pugh, Timothy W., Rice, Don S., and Yacubic, Matthew P. 2018 Zacpeten Structure 719: Activities at a Contact Period Popol Nah Before Rapid Abandonment. Ancient Mesoamerica 29:137155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Prudence M., and Rice, Don S. 2018 Classic-to-Contact-Period Continuities in Maya Governance in Central Petén, Guatemala. Ethnohistory 65:2550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringle, William M., and Bey, George J. III 2001 Post-Classic and Terminal Classic Courts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. In Royal Courts of the Ancient Maya, Volume 2: Data and Case Studies, edited by Inomata, Takeshi and Houston, Stephen D., pp. 266307. Westview, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ringle, William M., Negrón, Tomas G., and Bey, George J. III 1998 The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the Spread of a World Religion During the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica 9:183232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., and Masson, Marilyn A. 2002 Transformation of the Terminal Classic to Postclassic Architectural Landscape at Caye Coco, Belize. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:213235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1972 The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatán. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl 1935 The Caracol at Chichén Itzá, Yucatán, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No. 454. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Willey, Gordon R. 1967 The Collapse of Maya Civilization in the Southern Lowlands: A Consideration of History and Process. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23:311336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabloff, Paula L.W. 2018 How Pre-Modern State Rulers Used Marriage to Reduce the Risk of Losing at War: A Comparison of Eight States. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 25:426452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabloff, Paula L.W. 2020 The Political Agency of Royal Women: A Comparative Analysis of Eight Premodern States According to Societal Rules and Roles. Journal of Archaeological Research 28:5397.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Miller, Mary 1986 The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.Google Scholar
Schele, Linda, and Matthews, Peter 1998 The Code of Kings: The Language of Seven Sacred Maya Temples and Tombs. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Peter J. 2007 Birds, Ceramics, and Cacao: New Excavations at Chichen Itza, Yucatán. In Twin Tollans: Chichén Itzá, Tula, and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World, edited by Kowalski, Jeff K. and Kristan-Graham, Cynthia, pp. 151203. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 2009 Daily Life in Maya Civilization. 2nd ed. Greenwood Press, Westport.Google Scholar
Smith, Alfred L. 1982 Excavations at Seibal: Major Architecture and Caches. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 15, No. 1. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E. 1971 The Pottery of Mayapán. 2 vols. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 66. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert E., and Gifford, James C. 1966 Maya Ceramic Varieties, Types and Wares of Uaxactun: Supplement to Ceramic Sequence of Uaxactun, Guatemala. Middle American Research Institute Publication No. 28. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Stanzione, Vincent 2003 Rituals of Sacrifice: Walking the Face of the Earth on the Sacred Path of the Sun. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Stark, Miriam T. (editor) 1998 The Archaeology of Social Boundaries. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea 1988 Sacrifice and Sexuality: Some Structural Relationships in Classic Maya Art. In The Role of Gender in Pre-Columbian Art and Architecture, edited by Miller, Virginia E., pp. 75104. University Press of America, Lanham.Google Scholar
Stone, Andrea, and Zender, Marc 2011 Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya Painting and Sculpture. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Tate, Carolyn E. 2012 Reconsidering Olmec Visual Culture: The Unborn, Women, and Creation, University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Taube, Karl A. 1988 A Prehispanic Maya Katun Wheel. Journal of Anthropological Research 44:183203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis 2002 How to Drink Chocolate from a Skull at a Wedding Banquet. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 42:166179.Google Scholar
Tedlock, Dennis 2003 Rabinal Achi: A Mayan Drama of War and Sacrifice. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1970 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair III (editor) 1988 Excavations at Seibal, Department of Peten, Guatemala: Peripheral Survey and Excavation, Settlement and Community Patterns. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 16. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tourtellot, Gair III, Sabloff, Jeremy A., and Carmean, Kelli 1992 Will the Real Elites Please Stand Up?: An Archaeological Assessment of Maya Elite Behavior in the Terminal Classic Period. In Mesoamerican Elites: An Archaeological Assessment, edited by Chase, Diane Z. and Chase, Arlen F., pp. 8098. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Vail, Gabriella, and Hernandez, Christina 2013 Re-Creating Primordial Time: Foundation Rituals and Mythology in the Postclassic Maya Codices. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Villas Roja, Alfonso 1947 Kinship and Nagualism in a Tzetzal Community, Southeastern Mexico. American Anthropologist New Series 49:578587.Google Scholar
Wallace, Dwight T. 1977 An Intra-Site Locational Analysis of Utatlan: The Structure of an Urban Site. In Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Central Quiche, edited by Wallace, Dwight T. and Carmack, Robert M., pp. 2055. Institute for Mesoamerican Studies Publication No. 1. State University of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Wren, Linnea, Spencer, Kaylee, and Hochstetler, Krysta 2001 Political Rhetoric and the Unification of Natural Geography, Cosmic Space and Gender Spheres. In Landscape and Power in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Koontz, Rex, Reese-Taylor, Kathryn, and Headrick, Annabeth, pp. 257277. Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2000 Changing Patterns of Social Organization: The Late and Terminal Classic Communities at San Lorenzo, Cayo District, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Zedeño, Maria Nieves 2013 Methodological and Analytical Challenges in Relational Archaeologies: A View from the Hunting Ground. In Relational Archaeologies: Humans, Animals, Things, edited by Watts, Christopher, pp. 117134. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Zender, Mark 2005 Teasing the Turtle from its Shell: AHK and MAHK in Maya Writing. The PARI Journal 6:114.Google Scholar
Źrałka, Jarosław, and Hermes, Bernard 2012 Great Development in Troubled Times: The Terminal Classic at the Maya Site of Nakum, Peten, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 23:161187.Google Scholar