Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T21:39:59.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The historical geography of north-central Anatolia in the Hittite period: texts and archaeology in concert

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 February 2012

Roger Matthews
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University CollegeLondon
Claudia Glatz
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, University CollegeLondon

Abstract

In this paper we deploy both archaeological evidence, principally from survey, as well as topographic textual evidence in an integrated attempt to localise a broad range of place-names attested in the Hittite period of the Late Bronze Age. The geographical focus is on the north-central region of Anatolia, particularly relating to the survey area of Inner Paphlagonia. Investigated toponyms include rivers, mountains, regions and settlement names. By these means we aim to situate the recurrent Hittite-Kaska conflict of the Late Bronze Age more firmly within its physical environment.

Özet

Bu çalışmada hem yüzey araştırması sırasında bulunmuş olan arkeolojik bulgular, hem de topografik bilgiler içeren yazılı kaynaklara ait bilgiler, Geç Bronz Çağ Hitit dönemine ait kesin açıklanmış yer isimlerinin yerlerini bulma çabalarıyla birleştirerek anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Coğrafi olarak kuzey Anadolu bölgesinin orta kısımları özellikle de İç Paflagonya araştırma bölgesi üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır. Araştırılan yer adları nehirleri, dağları bölgeleri ve yerleşimleri içermektedir. Amacımız bu şekilde Geç Bronz Çağ'da tekrar tekrar meydana gelen Hitit-Kaska anlaşmazlığını fiziksel çerçevesi içine oturtarak daha iyi anlamaya çalışmaktır.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alkım, U.B. 1983: ‘Einige charakteristische Metallfunde von İkiztepe’ in Boehmer, R.M., Hauptmann, H. (eds), Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens. Festschrift für Kurt Bittel. Mainz: 2943Google Scholar
Alkım, U.B., Alkım, H., Bilgi, Ö. 1988: İkiztepe I. The First and Second Seasons' Excavations (1974–1975). AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Balkan, K. 1973: İnandıkta 1966 Yılında Bulunan Eski Hitit Çağına ait bir Bağış Belgesi. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Barjamovic, G. 2005: A Historical Geography of Ancient Anatolia in the Assyrian Colony Period. PhD thesis, University of CopenhagenGoogle Scholar
Bilgi, Ö. 2001: Protohistoric Age Metallurgists of the Central Black Sea Region. A New Perspective on the Question of the Indo-Europeans’ Original Homeland. IstanbulGoogle Scholar
Birchler, A. 2006: ‘Quelques réflexions sur la montagne comme lieu de culte des HittitesRes Antiquae 3: 165–77Google Scholar
Burney, C. 1956: ‘Northern Anatolia before Classical timesAnatolian Studies 6: 179203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czichon, R.M., Flender, M., Klinger, J. 2006: ‘Interdisziplinäre Geländebegehungen im Gebeit von Oymaağaç-Vezirköprü / Provinz SamsunMitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 138: 157–76Google Scholar
Czichon, R.M., Klinger, J. 2005: ‘Auf der Suche nach der hethitischen Kultstadt NerikAlter Orient 6: 1819Google Scholar
del Monte, G.F. 1992: Répertoire géographique des textes cunéiformes. Band 6/2. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte Supplement (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients Reihe B [Geisteswissenschaften] Nr. 7/6). WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
del Monte, G.F., Tischler, J. 1978: Répertoire géographique des textes cunéiformes. Band 6. Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B [Geisteswissenschaften] Nr. 7). WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
Dinçol, A.M., Yakar, J. 1974: ‘The theories on the localisation of Nerik reconsideredBelleten 38: 563–82Google Scholar
di Nocera, G.M., Forlanini, M. 1992: Atlante storico del Vicino Oriente Antico. Fascicolo 4.2. Anatolia: La Prima Meta'del II Millennio A.C. RomeGoogle Scholar
Dönmez, Ş. 2002: ‘The 2nd millennium BC settlements in Samsun and Amasya provinces, central Black Sea region, TurkeyAncient West and East 1: 243–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doonan, O.P. 2004: Sinop Landscapes. Exploring Connection in a Black Sea Hinterland. PhiladelphiaCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emre, K., Çınaroğlu, A. 1993: ‘A group of metal Hittite vessels from Kınık-Kastamonu’ in Mellink, M.J., Porada, E., Özgüç, T. (eds), Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and its Neighbors: Studies in Honour of Nimet Özgüç. Ankara: 675717Google Scholar
Forlanini, M. 1977: ‘L'Anatolia Nordoccidentale Nell'Impero EteoStudi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 18: 197225Google Scholar
Forlanini, M. 1979: ‘Appunti di Geografia Etea’ in Carruba, O. (ed.), Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi dicata. Pavia: 165–85Google Scholar
Forlanini, M. 1985: ‘Remarques géographiques sur les texts CappadociensHethitica 6: 4567Google Scholar
Forlanini, M. 1987: ‘Toponymie antique d'origine hattie?Hethitica 8: 105–22Google Scholar
Forlanini, M. 1998: ‘The geography of Hittite Anatolia in the light of recent epigraphical discoveries’ in Alp, S., Süel, A. (eds), Acts of the IIIrd International Congress of Hittitology. Ankara: 217–22Google Scholar
Forlanini, M., Marazzi, M. 1986: Atlante storico del Vicino Oriente Antico. Fascicolo 4.3. Anatolia: L'Impero Hittita. RomeGoogle Scholar
Forrer, E. 19281932: ‘Balâ’ Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 1. Berlin: 392–93Google Scholar
Freu, J. 2005: ‘Les “barbares” Gasgas et le royaume hittite’ in Barbares et civilisés dans l'antiquité. Paris: 6199Google Scholar
Freu, J. 2006: ‘Les montagnes dans l'historiographie et la géographie hittitesRes Antiquae 3: 219–43Google Scholar
Garstang, J., Gurney, O.R. 1959: The Geography of the Hittite Empire. LondonGoogle Scholar
Gates, M.-H. 1996: ‘Archaeology in TurkeyAmerican Journal of Archaeology 100: 277335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gates, M.-H. 1997: ‘Archaeology in TurkeyAmerican Journal of Archaeology 101: 241305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glatz, C., Matthews, R. 2005: ‘Anthropology of a frontier zone: Hittite-Kaska relations in Late Bronze Age north-central AnatoliaBulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 339: 2139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goetze, A. 1933: Die Annalen des Muršiliš. LeipzigGoogle Scholar
Goetze, A. 1960: ‘Review of J. Garstang and O. R. Gurney “The Geography of the Hittite Empire”Journal of Cuneiform Studies 14: 4348CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonnet, H. 1968: ‘Les montagnes d'Asie Mineure d'après les texts HittitesRevue Hittite et Asianique 26: 93171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greaves, A., Helwing, B. 2001: ‘Archaeology in Turkey: the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages, 1997–1999Journal of American Archaeology 105: 463597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, O.R. 1992: ‘Hittite geography: thirty years on’ in Otten, H., Ertem, H., Akurgal, E., Süel, A. (eds), Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp. Ankara: 213–21Google Scholar
Güterbock, H.G. 1956: ‘The deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his son, Mursili IIJournal of Cuneiform Studies 10: 41–68, 75–98, 107–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Güterbock, H.G. 1961: ‘The north-central area of Hittite AnatoliaJournal of Near Eastern Studies 20: 8597CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, V. 1970: Der Kult von Nerik: Ein Beitrag zur hethitischen Religionsgeschichte (Studia Pohl 4). RomeGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, J.D. 1998: ‘Tarkasnawa King of Mira: “Tarkondemos”, Boğazköy sealings and KarabelAnatolian Studies 48: 131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffner, H.A. Jr. 1997: ‘Deeds of Šuppiluliuma’ in Hallo, W.W. (ed.), The Context of Scripture. Volume 1. Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Leiden: 185–92Google Scholar
Houwink ten Cate, P.H.J. 1966: ‘Mursili's northwestern campaigns – additional fragments of his comprehensive annalsJournal of Near Eastern Studies 25: 162–91Google Scholar
Houwink ten Cate, P.H.J. 1967: ‘Mursili's north-western campaigns – a commentaryAnatolica 1: 4461Google Scholar
Houwink ten Cate, P.H.J. 1970: The Records of the Early Hittite Empire (c. 1450–1380 BC). IstanbulGoogle Scholar
Houwink ten Cate, P.H.J. 1979: ‘Mursili's northwestern campaigns – additional fragments of his comprehensive annals concerning the Nerik region’ in Florilegium Anatolicum. Mélanges offerts à Emmanuel Laroche. Paris: 157–67Google Scholar
Houwink ten Cate, P.H.J. 1984: ‘The history of warfare according to Hittite sources: the annals of Hattusilis I (part II)Anatolica 11: 4783Google Scholar
Işın, M.A. 1998: ‘Sinop regional field surveyAnatolia Antiqua 6: 95139CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kammenhuber, A. 1970: ‘Keilschrifttexte aus Boğazköy (KBo XVI)Orientalia 39: 547–67Google Scholar
Kimes, T., Haselgrove, C., Hodder, I. 1982: ‘A method for the identification of regional cultural boundariesJournal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: 113–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinger, J. 2002: ‘Die hethitisch-kaškäische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der Großreichszeit’ in de Martino, S., Daddi, F. Pecchioli (eds), Anatolia Antica: Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati. Tomo I. Firenze: 437–51Google Scholar
Kuzucuoğlu, C., Marro, C., Özdoğan, A., Tibet, A. 1997: ‘Prospection archéologique Franco-Turque dans la région de Kastamonu (Mer Noire). Deuxième rapport préliminaireAnatolia Antiqua 5: 275306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laroche, E. 1985: ‘Toponymes hittites ou pré-hittites dans la Turquie moderneHethitica 6: 83102Google Scholar
Lebrun, R. 2006: ‘La montagne dans le monde hittiteRes Antiquae 3: 253–60Google Scholar
Leonhard, R. 1915: Paphlagonia. Reisen und Forschungen im Nördlichen Kleinasien. BerlinGoogle Scholar
Macqueen, J.G. 1980: ‘Nerik and its “Weather-God”Anatolian Studies 30: 179–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marro, C., Özdoğan, A., Tibet, A. 1996: ‘Prospection archéologique Franco-Turque dans la région de Kastamonu (Mer Noire). Prémier rapport préliminaireAnatolia Antiqua 4: 273–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marro, C., Özdoğan, A., Tibet, A. 1998: ‘Prospection archéologique Franco-Turque dans la région de Kastamonu (Mer Noire). Troisième rapport préliminaireAnatolia Antiqua 6: 317–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, R. 2000: ‘Time with the past in Paphlagonia’ in Matthiae, P., Enea, A., Peyronel, L., Pinnock, F. (eds), Proceedings of the First International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Rome, May 18th–23rd 1998. Rome: 1,01327Google Scholar
Matthews, R., Glatz, C. (eds) 2009: At Empires' Edge. Project Paphlagonia. Regional Survey in North-Central Turkey. LondonGoogle Scholar
Mielke, D.P. 2006: ‘İnandıktepe und Sarissa. Ein Beitrag zur Datierung althethitischer Fundkomplexe’ in Mielke, D.P., Schoop, U.-D., Seeher, J. (eds), Strukturierung und Datierung in der hethitischen Archäologie. Istanbul: 251–76Google Scholar
Müller-Karpe, A. 2002: ‘Die Keramik des mittleren und jüngeren hethitischen Reiches’ in Die Hethiter und ihr Reich: Das Volk der 1000 Götter. Stuttgart: 256–63Google Scholar
Müller-Karpe, V. 2001: ‘Zur frühhethitischen Kultur im Mündungsgebiet des Maraššantija’ in Wilhelm, G. (ed.), Akten des IV. International Kongresses für Hethitologie, Würzburg, 4.–8. Oktober 1999 (StBoT 45). Wiesbaden: 430–42Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. 1988: İnandıktepe. An Important Cult Center in the Old Hittite Period. AnkaraGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, J.B. (ed.) 1969: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (third edition). PrincetonGoogle Scholar
Schoop, U.-D. 2006: ‘Dating the Hittites with statistics: ten pottery assemblages from Boğazköy-Hattuša’ in Mielke, D.P., Schoop, U.-D., Seeher, J. (eds), Strukturierung und Datierung in der hethitischen Archäologie. Istanbul: 215–39Google Scholar
Singer, I. 1984: ‘The AGRIG in the Hittite textsAnatolian Studies 34: 97127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, I. 2002: Hittite Prayers. AtlantaGoogle Scholar
Sipahi, T. 2000: ‘Eine althethitische Reliefvase vom Hüseyindede TepesiIstanbuler Mitteilungen 50: 6385Google Scholar
Sipahi, T. 2001: ‘New evidence from Anatolia regarding bull-leaping scenes in the art of the Aegean and the Near EastAnatolica 27: 107–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sipahi, T., Yıldırım, T. 2001: ‘1999 yılı Çorum yöresi yüzey araştırmasıAraştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 18/2: 101–12Google Scholar
Strabo, , Geography. Jones, H.L. (ed.). London 1935Google Scholar
Talbert, R.J.A. 2000: Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. PrincetonGoogle Scholar
Ünal, A. 1974: Hattusili III. Vol. 1/2. Texte der Hethiter 4. HeidelbergGoogle Scholar
Ünal, A. 1998: Hittite and Hurrian Cuneiform Tablets from Ortaköy (Çorum), Central Turkey. IstanbulGoogle Scholar
van den Hout, T. 20032005: ‘Pala, Palaer, Palaisch’ Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie 10. Berlin: 191–92Google Scholar
von Schuler, E. 1965: Die Kaskäer: Ein Beitrag zur Ethnographic des alten Kleinasien (Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 3). BerlinCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilhelm, G. 2005: ‘Zur Datierung der älteren hethitischen LandschenkungsurkundenAltorientalische Forschungen 32: 272–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakar, J. 1980: ‘Recent contributions to the historical geography of the Hittite empireMitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 112: 7593Google Scholar
Yakar, J., Dinçol, A.M. 1974: ‘Remarks on the Historical Geography of north-central Anatolia during the pre-Hittite and Hittite periodsTel Aviv 1: 8599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yıldırım, T. 2000: ‘Yörüklü/Hüseyindede: Eine neue Hethitische Siedlung im Südwesten vom ÇorumIstanbuler Mitteilungen 50: 4362Google Scholar
Yıldırım, T., Sipahi, T. 2004: ‘2002 yılı Çorum ve Çankırı illeri yüzey araştırmalarıAraştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 21/2: 305–14Google Scholar
Zimansky, P. 2007: ‘The Lattimore model and Hatti's Kaska frontier’ in Stone, E.C. (ed.), Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams. Los Angeles: 157–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar