Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T11:21:36.751Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Political Parties and Foreign Aid

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2000

Jean-Philippe Thérien
Affiliation:
Université de Montréal
Alain Noël
Affiliation:
Université de Montréal

Abstract

The influence of partisan politics on public policy is a much debated issue of political science. With respect to foreign policy, often considered as above parties, the question appears even more problematic. This comparison of foreign aid policies in 16 OECD countries develops a structural equation model and uses LISREL analysis to demonstrate that parties do matter, even in international affairs. Social-democratic parties have an effect on a country's level of development assistance. This effect, however, is neither immediate nor direct. First, it appears only in the long run. Second, the relationship between leftist partisan strength and foreign aid works through welfare state institutions and social spending. Our findings indicate how domestic politics shapes foreign conduct. We confirm the empirical relevance of cumulative partisan scores and show how the influence of parties is mediated by other political determinants.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adda, Jacques, and Smouts, Marie-Claude. 1989. La France face au Sud: le miroir brisé. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Alessandrini, Sergio. 1984. “Italian Aid: Policy and Performance.” In European Development Assistance. Volume I: Policies and Performance, ed. Stokke, Olav. Tilburg: University of Tilburg Press and European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes. Pp. 262–87.Google Scholar
Asher, Herbert B. 1976. Causal Modeling. Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-003. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Blais, André, Blake, Donald, and Dion, Stéphane. 1993. “Do Parties Make a Difference? Parties and the Size of Government in Liberal Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 37 (02): 4062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, André, Blake, Donald, and Dion, Stéphane. 1996. “Do Parties Make a Difference? A Reappraisal.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (05): 514–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles. 1998. Political Parties, Growth and Equality: Conservative and Social Democratic Strategies in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollen, Kenneth A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: John Wiley & Sons.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuning, Marijke. 1995. “Words and Deeds: Foreign Assistance Rhetoric and Policy Behavior in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom.” International Studies Quarterly 39 (06):235–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrd, Peter. 1991. “Foreign Policy and Overseas Aid.” In Britain's Overseas Aid Since 1979: Between Idealism and Self-Interest, ed. Bose, Anuradha and Burnell, Peter. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Pp. 4973.Google Scholar
Castles, Francis G., and Mair, Peter. 1984. “Left-Right Political Scales: Some ‘Expert’ Judgements.” European Journal of Political Research 12 (03): 7388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castles, Francis G., and Mitchell, Deborah. 1992. “Identifying Welfare State Regimes: The Links Between Politics, Instruments, and Outcomes.” Governance 5 (01): 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, Steve, and Mintz, Alex, eds. 1992. Defense, Welfare, and Growth. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, Richard, and Pontusson, Jonas. 1998. “Welfare State Retrenchment Revisited: Entitlement Cuts, Public Sector Restructuring, and Inegalitarian Trends in Advanced Capitalist Societies.” World Politics 51 (10): 6798.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Charles, and van Themaat, Joan Verloren. 1989. “The Netherlands: Principles and Pragmatism.” In Internationalism under Strain: The North-South Policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, ed. Pratt, Cranford. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Pp. 70103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, Robert H. 1993. The Development of the Dutch Welfare State: From Workers' Insurance to Universal Entitlement. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1985. Politics Against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1996. “After the Golden Age? Welfare State Dilemmas in a Global Economy.” In Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies, ed. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. London: Sage and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Pp. 131.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, and Korpi, Walter. 1984. “Social Policy as Class Politics in Post-War Capitalism: Scandinavia, Austria, and Germany.” In Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism: Studies in the Political Economy of Western European Nations, ed. Goldthorpe, John H.. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 179208.Google Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey. 1998a. “Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle?International Organization 52 (Autumn): 787824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrett, Geoffrey. 1998b. Partisan Politics in the Global Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerlich, Peter. 1987. “Consociationalism to Competition: The Austrian Party System Since 1945.” In Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium, ed. Daalder, Hans. New York: St. Martin's. Pp. 61106.Google Scholar
Gerner, Deborah J. 1995. “The Evolution of the Study of Foreign Policy.” In Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Generation, ed. Neack, Laura, Hey, Jeanne A. K., and Haney, Patrick J.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1732.Google Scholar
Haas, Ernst B. 1958. The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces, 1950–1957. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hagan, Joe D. 1993. Political Opposition and Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hagan, Joe D. 1994. “Domestic Political Regime Change and Foreign Policy Restructuring: A Framework for Comparative Analysis.” In Foreign Policy Restructuring: How Governments Respond to Global Change, ed. Rosati, Jerel A., Hagan, Joe D., and Sampson, Martin W. III. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Pp. 138–63.Google Scholar
Hagan, Joe D. 1995. “Domestic Political Explanations in the Analysis of Foreign Policy.” In Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Generation, ed. Laura, Neack, Hey, Jeanne A. K., and Haney, Patrick J.. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 117–43.Google Scholar
Holsti, K. J. 1991. Change in the International System: Essays on the Theory and Practice of International Relations. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, Ragin, Charles, and Stephens, John D.. 1993. “Social Democracy, Christian Democracy, Constitutional Structure, and the Welfare State.” American Journal of Sociology 99 (11): 711–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Valerie, with Vore, Christopher S.. 1995. “Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.” Mershon International Studies Review 39 (10): 209–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imbeau, Louis-Marie. 1988. “Aid and Ideology.” European Journal of Political Research 16 (1): 328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imbeau, Louis-Marie. 1989. Donor Aid—the Determinants of Development Allocations to Third World Countries: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Jaccard, James, and Wan, Choi K.. 1996. LISREL Approaches to Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression. Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, 07-114. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janoski, Thomas. 1994. “Direct State Intervention in the Labor Market: The Explanation of Active Labor Market Policy from 1950 to 1988 in Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal Regimes.” In The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, ed. Janoski, Thomas and Hicks, Alexander M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 5492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis N. 1996. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kärre, Bo, and Svensson, Bengt. 1989. “The Determinants of Swedish Aid Policy.” In Western Middle Powers and Global Poverty: The Determinants of the Aid Policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, ed. Stokke, Olav. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Pp. 231–74.Google Scholar
Katzenstein, Peter J. 1984. Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland, and the Politics of Industry. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kelloway, E. Kevin. 1998. Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling: A Researcher's Guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Kerr, Henry H. 1987. “The Swiss Party System: Steadfast and Changing.” In Party Systems in Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium, ed. Daalder, Hans. New York: St. Martin's. Pp. 107–92.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert. 1994. The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koole, Ruud, and Mair, Peter, eds. 1993. “Political Data Yearbook 1992.” European Journal of Political Research 24 (12): 361572.Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich. 1993. “The Embarassment of Changes: Neo-Realism as the Science of Realpolitik Without Politics.” Review of International Studies 19 (01): 6380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurzer, Paulette. 1993. Business and Banking: Political Change and Economic Integration in Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lumsdaine, David H. 1993. Moral Vision in International Politics: The Foreign Aid Regime 1949–1989. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Marsh, Herbert W., Balla, John R., and Hau, Kit-Tai. 1996. “An Evaluation of Incremental Fit Indices: A Clarification of Mathematical and Empirical Properties.” In Advanced Structural Equation Modeling: Issues and Techniques, ed. Marcoulides, George A. and Schumacker, Randall E.. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Pp. 315–53.Google Scholar
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1993. “Introduction: Integrating International and Domestic Theories of International Bargaining.” In Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics, ed. Evans, Peter B., Jacobson, Harold K., and Putnam, Robert D.. Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nincic, Miroslav. 1992. Democracy and Foreign Policy: The Fallacy of Political Realism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Noël, Alain, and Thérien, Jean-Philippe. 1995. “From Domestic to International Justice: The Welfare State and Foreign Aid.” International Organization 49 (Summer): 523–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD. Various years. Development Co-operation: Annual Review. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. Various years. National Accounts, vol. 2, Detailed Tables. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
OECD. 1995. Development Co-operation: Annual Review. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Opeskin, Brian R. 1996. “The Moral Foundations of Foreign Aid.” World Development 24 (01): 2144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1994. Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 1996. “The New Politics of the Welfare State.” World Politics 48 (01): 143–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pontusson, Jonas. 1988. Swedish Social Democracy and British Labour: Essays on the Nature and Conditions of Social Democratic Hegemony. Cornell Studies in International Affairs, Western Societies Program, Occasional Paper No. 19. Ithaca, NY: Center for International Studies, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Pratt, Cranford. 1989. “Middle Power Internationalism and North-South Issues: Comparisons and Prognosis.” In Internationalism under Strain: The North-South Policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, ed. Pratt, Cranford. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Pp. 193220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, Martin. 1996. “Globalization and West European Welfare States: A Critical Review of Recent Debates.” Journal of European Social Policy 6 (4): 305–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Risse-Kappen, Thomas. 1991. “Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies.” World Politics 43 (07): 479512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharpf, Fritz W. 1991. Crisis and Choice in European Social Democracy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Schumacker, Randall E., and Lomax, Richard G.. 1996. A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 1994. Who Adjusts: Domestic Sources of Foreign Economic Policy During the Interwar Years. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Södersten, Bo. 1989. “Sweden: Towards a Realistic Internationalism.” In Internationalism under Strain: The North-South Policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, ed. Pratt, Cranford. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Pp. 155–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, John D. 1996. “The Scandinavian Welfare States: Achievements, Crisis, and Prospects.” In Welfare States in Transition: National Adaptations in Global Economies, ed. Esping-Andersen, Gösta. London: Sage and United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. Pp. 3265.Google Scholar
Stokke, Olav. 1989. “The Determinants of Aid Policies: Some Propositions Emerging from a Comparative Analysis.” In Western Middle Powers and Global Poverty: The Determinants of the Aid Policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, ed. Stokke, Olav. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Pp. 275322.Google Scholar
Stokke, Olav. 1996. “Foreign Aid: What Now?” In Foreign Aid Towards the Year 2000: Experiences and Challenges, ed. Stokke, Olav. London: Frank Cass. Pp. 16129.Google Scholar
Swank, Duane. 1998. “Funding the Welfare State: Globalization and the Taxation of Business in Advanced Market Economies.” Political Studies 46 (09): 671–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanaka, J. S. 1993. “Multifaceted Conceptions of Fit in Structural Equation Models.” In Testing Structural Equation Models, ed. Bollen, Kenneth A. and Long, J. Scott. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Pp. 1039.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen, and Steinmo, Sven. 1992. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” In Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis, ed. Steinmo, Sven, Thelen, Kathleen, and Longstreth, Frank. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 132.Google Scholar
Thérien, Jean-Philippe, and Noël, Alain. 1994. “Welfare Institutions and Foreign Aid: Domestic Foundations of Canadian Foreign Policy.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 27 (09): 529–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Kersbergen, Kees. 1995. Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Verdier, Daniel. 1994. Democracy and International Trade: Britain, France, and the United States, 1860–1990. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth N. 1954. Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Woldendorp, Jaap, Keman, Hans, and Budge, Ian, eds. 1993. “Special Issue: Political Data 1945–1990; Party Government in 20 Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 24 (07): 1119.Google Scholar
Yadama, Gautam N., and Pandey, Shanta. 1995. “Effect of Sample Size on Goodness-of-Fit Indices in Structural Equation Models.” Journal of Social Service Research 20 (3/4): 4970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yee, Albert S. 1996. “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies.” International Organization 50 (Winter): 69108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar