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The Korean War: On What Legal Basis Did Truman Act?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

Louis Fisher
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Type
Case Report
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 89 , Issue 1 , January 1995 , pp. 21 - 39
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1995

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References

1 See SC Res. 82 (June 25, 1950), UN SCOR, 5th Sess., Res. & Dec. at 4, UN Doc. S/INF/5/Rev.1 (1950); SC Res. 83 (June 27, 1950), id. at 5.

2 Crisis in the Persian Gulf Region: U. S. Policy Options and Implications: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Armed Services, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 702 (1990) (testimony of Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney); Update on the Situation in the Persian Gulf: Hearings Before the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 8 (1990) (testimony of Secretary of State James A. Baker III). For pertinent resolutions, see, e.g., SC Res. 661 (Aug. 2, 1990), reprinted in 29 ILM 1325 (1990); SC Res. 678 (Nov. 29, 1990), reprinted in id. at 1565.

3 30 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 219–20 (Feb. 6, 1994). For pertinent resolutions, see, e.g., SC Res. 816 (Mar. 31, 1993), SC Res. 836 (June 4, 1993), SC Res. 844 (June 18, 1993).

4 SC Res. 940 (July 31, 1994).

5 30 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1616 (Aug. 3, 1994).

6 Id. at 1780 (Sept. 15, 1994).

7 Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, June 28, 1919, 11 Martens (ser. 3) 323, 2 Bevans 43.

8 17 A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents 8735 (James D. Richardson ed.) [hereinafter Messages and Papers].

9 58 Cong. Rec. 8777 (1919).

10 63 The Papers of Woodrow Wilson 451, and 64 id. at 47, 51 (Arthur S. Link ed., 1990 & 1991).

11 Woodrow Wilson, Congressional Government 233–34 (1885).

12 Woodrow Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States 77–78 (1908).

13 S. Res. 114, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (1943).

14 89 Cong. Rec. 2031 (1943).

15 Walter Lippmann, Advice and Consent of the Senate, Wash. Post, Mar. 16, 1943, at 11, quoted in id. at 2032.

16 H. Con. Res. 25, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (1943).

17 See 89 Cong. Rec. at 7646–49 (emphasis added).

18 Id. at 7647.

19 Id.

20 Id. at 7655.

21 Id. at 7728–29.

22 Id. at 7705 (Congressman Richards).

23 Id. at 7706.

24 S. Res. 192, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. (1943).

25 89 Cong. Rec. at 9187 (Senator Willis, 1st column).

26 Id. at 8662 (reading by the legislative clerk).

27 Id. at 9187 (Senator Willis, 1st column); id. at 9189 (Senator Brooks); id. at 9205 (Senator Wherry).

28 Id. at 9207 (Senator Hayden).

29 S. Res. 192, 78th Cong., 1st Sess., 89 Cong. Rec. at 9222.

30 89 Cong. Rec. at 9101.

31 Id. at 8742–43.

32 Declaration of Four Nations on General Security, 9 Dep’t St. Bull. 308, 309 (1943).

33 Edwin Borchard, The Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 39 AJIL 97, 101 (1945).

34 11 Dep’t St. Bull. 447, 448 (1944).

35 Edwin Borchard, The Charter and the Constitution, 39 AJIL 767, 767–68 (1945). See also text at note 52 infra.

36 Borchard, supra note 35, at 770–71.

37 John W. Davis, W. W. Grant, Philip C. Jessup, George Rublee, James T. Shotwell & Quincy Wright, Letter to the Editor, N.Y. Times, Nov. 5, 1944, §4, at 8E.

38 The Charter of the United Nations: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 197 (1945).

39 Id. at 644.

40 Id. at 298.

41 Id. at 299.

42 Id. at 645–46.

43 Id. at 646.

44 Id. at 652.

45 Id. at 654.

46 Id. at 655.

47 91 Congi Rec. 8021 (1945).

48 Id. at 8021–24 (Senators McClellan, Hatch, Fulbright, Maybank, Overton, Hill, Ellender and George).

49 Id. at 8027–28.

50 Id. at 7156.

51 Id. at 7988.

52 Id. at 8185.

55 Id. (Senator Donnell).

54 Id. at 8190.

55 Pub. L. No. 79-264, ch. 583, 59 Stat. 619 (1945) (22 U.S.C. §§287–287e (1988)).

56 22 U.S.C. §287d.

57 Id. (amending language of Oct. 10, 1949, omitted).

58 Michael J. Glennon, The Constitution and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, 85 AJIL 74, 75–77 (1991).

59 Participation by the United States in the United Nations Organization: Hearings Before the House Comm. on Foreign Affairs, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 23 (1945).

60 Id.

61 Id. at 25–26.

62 S. Rep. No. 717, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 5 (1945).

63 Id. at 8.

64 91 Cong. Rec. 10,965–66 (1945).

65 Id. at 10,974.

66 Id. at 11,296.

67 Id. 11,301.

68 Id. at 11,303.

69 H. Rep. No. 1383, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. 7 (1945).

70 91 Cong. Rec. 12,267 (1945).

71 Act to amend the United Nations Participation Act of 1945, ch. 660, §5, 63 Stat. 734, 735–36 (1949) (22 U.S.C. §287d–1(a) (1988)).

72 Id.

73 1950 Pub. Papers 491.

74 Id.

75 Id. at 492.

76 Id.

77 Id.

78 See SC Res. 82 and 83, supra note 1.

79 Robert H. Bork, Comments [on Symposium on United States Action in Cambodia], 65 AJIL 79, 81 (1971).

80 23 Dep’t St. Bull. 43 (1950).

81 Id. at 46.

82 1950 Pub. Papers 529.

83 Glenn D. Paige, The Korean Decision 188 (1968).

84 Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation 408 (1969). See also Edwin C. Hoyt, The United States Reaction to the Korean Attack: A Study of the Principles of the United Nations Charter as a Factor in American Policy-Making, 55 AJIL 45, 53 (1961).

85 Merle Miller, Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman 276 n. (1973).

86 [1950] 7 Foreign Relations of the United States 182 (1976).

87 Id. at 200–02.

88 Id. at 257.

89 Id. at 282–83 nn.1 & 2; id. at 287–91.

90 1950 Pub. Papers 503.

91 Id. at 504. On July 13, at a news conference, Truman again called the Korean war a “police action.” Id. at 522.

92 Id. at 520 (citing SC Res. 84 (July 7, 1950)).

93 Id.

94 Weissman v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 112 F.Supp. 420, 425 (S.D. Cal. 1953); see also Gaglior-mella v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 122 F.Supp. 246 (D. Mass. 1954); Carius v. New York Life Ins. Co., 124 F.Supp. 388 (D. 111. 1954); and A. Kenneth Pye, The Legal Status of the Korean Hostilities, 45 Geo. L.J. 45 (1956).

95 Military Situation in the Far East (Part 3): Hearings Before the Senate Comms. on Armed Services and Foreign Relations, 82d Cong., 1st Sess. 2014 (1951).

96 Richard S. Kirkendaix, Harry S Truman and the Imperial Presidency 11, 16 (1975).

97 John Norton Moore, The National Executive and the Use of the Armed Forces Abroad, Naval War C. Rev., Jan. 1969, at 28, 32.

98 96 Cong. Rec. 9229 (1950) (Statement of Sen. Scott Lucas (D., 111.)).

99 Edward S. Corwin, The President’s Power, New Republic, Jan. 29, 1951, at 16.

100 96 Cong. Rec. 9233 (1950) (Statement of Sen. Arthur V. Watkins (R., Utah)); see also Arthur V. Watkins, War by Executive Order, 4 W. Pol. Q. 539 (1951).

101 96 Cong. Rec. at 9268.

102 Id. at 9323.

103 97 Cong. Rec. 5078–5103 (1951).

104 1 Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect 569 (1983).

105 Id.

106 Chester J. Pach, Jr., & Elmo Richardson, The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 46 (1991).

107 Henry Steele Commager, Presidential Power: The Issue Analyzed, N.Y. Times, Jan. 14, 1951, §6 (Magazine), at 11.

108 Id. at 24.

109 Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Presidential Powers: Taft Statement on Troops Opposed, Actions of Past Presidents Cited, N.Y. Times, Jan. 9, 1951, at 28.

110 1 Messages and Papers, supra note 8, at 315 (1897).

111 2 Stat. 129 (1802); 2 Stat. 206 (1803); 2 Stat. 291 (1803); 2 Stat. 391 (1806); 2 Stat. 436 (1807); 2 Stat. 456 (1808); 2 Stat. 511 (1809); 2 Stat. 614 (1811); 2 Stat. 675 (1812); 2 Stat. 809 (1813); 3 Stat. 230 (1815).

112 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Imperial Presidency 139 (1973).

113 Corwin, supra note 99, at 15.

114 EdwardS. Corwin, Who Has the Power to Make War?, N.Y. Times, July 31, 1949, §6 (Magazine), at 14.

115 Id.

116 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., & Alfred de Grazia, Congress and the Presidency 27–28 (1967).

117 Schlesinger, supra note 112, at 9.

118 Changing American Attitudes towards Foreign Policy: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 90th Cong., 1st Sess. 21 (1967).

119 War Powers Legislation: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 92d Cong., 1st Sess. 7–74 (1971).

120 The Constitutional Roles of Congress and the President in Declaring and Waging War: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 102d Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1991) (Statement by Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., chairman).

121 Gerhard Casper, Constitutional Constraints on the Conduct of Foreign and Defense Policy: A Nonjudicial Model, 43 U. Chi. L. Rev. 463, 479 (1976).

122 Inland Waterways Corp. v. Young, 309 U.S. 517, 524 (1940).

123 Bureau of International Organization Affairs, U.S. Dep’t of State, Pub. No. 10161, The Clinton Administration’s Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations 1 (1994), reprinted in 33 ILM 795, 798 (1994).

124 Id. at 2, 33 ILM at 798–99.

125 Id. at 14, 33 ILM at 812.

126 Id. at 15, 33 ILM at 813. For the War Powers Resolution, see 50 U.S.C. §§1541–1548 (1988). For the 60-day withdrawal provision, see §1544(b).