page 517 note 1 White House Press Release, Statement by the President on the Release of Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl (May 31, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/31/statement-president-release-sergeant-bowe-bergdahl; U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Release No. NR-281-14, Statement from Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel on the Return of Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl (May 31, 2014), at http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID= 16737.

page 517 note 2 White House Press Release, supra note 1; U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Transcript, Media Availability with Secretary Hagel Enroute to Afghanistan (June 1, 2014), at http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=5443(“Sgt.Bergdahl is a sergeant in the United States Army. He was a prisoner of war (POW). This was an exchange of prisoners. As secretary of defense, I authorized the five Taliban detainees to be released. They’re on their way to Qatar now.”).

page 517 note 3 U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Transcript, supra note 2.

page 517 note 4 See, e.g., Schmitt, Eric, Cooper, Helene & Savage, Charlie, G.I.’s Vanishing Before Capture Angered His Unit, N.Y. Times, June 3, 2014, at A1 Google Scholar.

page 517 note 5 Jim Garamone, Embrace of Military Ethos Encourages Joint Chiefs Chairman, Am. Forces Press Serv., June 3, 2014, at http://www.jcs.mil/Media/News/NewsDisplay/tabid/6800/Article/9117/embrace-of-military-ethos-encourages-joint-chiefs-chairman.aspx; see also U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Release, Statement by Secretary of the Army John McHugh on Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl (June 3, 2014), at http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=16744 (“Our first priority is ensuring Sgt. Bergdahl’s health and beginning his reintegration process.... [T]he Army will then review this in a comprehensive, coordinated effort....”).

page 518 note 6 The Gitmo Detainees Swapped for Bergdahl: Who Are They?, CNN.com, May 31, 2014, at http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/31/us/bergdahl-transferred-guantanamo-detainees; see also Savage, Charlie, Taliban Talks Could Depend on Detainees, N.Y. Times, June 21, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar (describing these five detainees as central to a previous round of negotiations).

page 518 note 7 see Savage, supra note 6.

page 518 note 8 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 98 (June 4, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/06/227099.htm#AFGHANISTAN. The president established the Periodic Review Board in 2011 to “ensure that military detention of individuals now held at the U.S. Naval Station, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba... continues to be carefully evaluated and justified, consistent with the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States and the interests of justice.” Exec. Order No. 13,567 (Mar. 7, 2011), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/07/executive-order-periodic-review-individuals-detained-guant-namo-bay-nava.

page 518 note 9 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 99 (June 5, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/06/227174.htm.

page 518 note 10 Id.

page 518 note 11 Id.

page 518 note 12 White House Press Release, Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney (June 2, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/02/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-060214.

page 519 note 13 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, §1035(b), Pub. L. No. 113-66, 127 Stat. 672 (2013).

page 519 note 14 Id., §1035(d).

page 519 note 15 White House Press Release, Statement by the President on H.R. 3304 (Dec. 26, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/12/26/statement-president-hr-3304.

page 519 note 16 White House Press Release, Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney (June 21, 2013), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/21/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-6212013.

page 519 note 17 U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Transcript, supra note 2.

page 520 note 18 Id.

page 520 note 19 Candy Crowley Interview with U.S. Ambassador to United Nations Susan Rice (June 1, 2014), at http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1406/01/sotu.01.html.

page 521 note 20 National Security Council, Statement by NSC Spokesperson Caitlin Hayden on the NDAA and the Transfer of Taliban Detainees from Guantanamo (June 3, 2014), at https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1180482-nsc-statement-on-30-day-transfer-notice-law.html.

page 521 note 21 See, e.g., Savage, Charlie & Sanger, David E., Prisoner Deal Puts President on Defensive, N.Y. Times, June 4, 2014, at A1 Google Scholar.

page 523 note 22 Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, Hearing on the Transfer of Detainees, House Armed Services Committee (June 11, 2014), at http://docs.house.gov/meetings/AS/AS00/20140611/102314/HHRG-113-AS00-Wstate-HagelC-20140611.pdf.

page 523 note 1 White House Press Release, Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney (Apr. 11, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/04/11/daily-press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-4112014; U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 64 (Apr. 11, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/04/224692.htm#IRAN.

page 523 note 2 Sengupta, Somini & Erdbrink, Thomas, Iran’s Choice for U.N. Post Fuels Tension with U.S., N.Y. Times, Apr. 3, 2014, at A6 Google Scholar.

page 523 note 3 Mahmoud Azizi, Rohani’s Special Achievement Is to Thwart Iranophobic Efforts, Khabar Online, Mar. 14, 2014, at http://english.khabaronline.ir/detail/186378/Hassan-Rouhani-Iranian-mission-to-the-United-Nations-/Politics/Politics.

page 523 note 4 Id.

page 523 note 5 White House Press Release, supra note 1 (“[W]e don’t as a rule get into too much detail about issuing visas and deliberations over visas.”); U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 66 (Apr. 15, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/04/224860.htm#IRAN (“[W]hile we’re not going to get into any specifics of what we do or don’t think he was involved in during the hostage crisis, he himself has said he was involved.”).

page 523 note 6 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 66, supra note 5; see also U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Apr. 16, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/04/224885.htm#IRAN (“[I]t’s not appropriate for Iran to nominate someone to be their permanent representative, to live in the United States, who as involved with such searing events in U.S. history.”).

page 523 note 7 Agreement Regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, U.S.-UN, June 26, 1947, 61 Stat. 3416, 11 UNTS 11(subsequently supplemented and amended) [hereinafter Headquarters Agreement]; Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iranto the UN Press Release, Statement by H. E. Mr. Gholamhossein Dehghani, Ambassador and Chargé d’Affaires of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Before the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Apr. 22, 2014), at http://iran-un.org/en/2014/04/22/22-april-2014[hereinafter Dehghani Statement].

page 524 note 8 Headquarters Agreement, supra note 7, §§11–13.

page 524 note 9 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 62 (Apr. 9, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/04/224561.htm#IRAN.

page 524 note 10 Id.

page 525 note 11 22 U.S.C. §287 note (2012).

page 525 note 12 see 13 Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law 85 (1968).

page 525 note 13 Memorandum by the Legal Department, Admission of Representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations Enjoying Consultative Status, UN Doc. E/2397 (Apr. 10, 1953).

page 525 note 14 Whiteman, supra note 12, at 89.

page 525 note 15 Id. at 90–91.

page 526 note 16 Telegram, The United States Representative at the United Nations (Lodge) to the Department of State (July 24, 1953), available at https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v03/d102.

page 526 note 17 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, Statement onthe Visa Application of Yassir Arafat (Nov. 27, 1988),reprinted in 83 AJIL 253, 254 (1989).

page 526 note 18 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, Statement by Patricia M. Byrne, U.S. Representative to the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Nov. 28, 1988), cited in Reisman, W. Michael, The Arafat Visa Affair: Exceeding the Bounds of Host State Discretion, 83 AJIL 519, 523 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

page 527 note 19 Report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country, Statement by the Legal Counsel Concerning the Determination by the Secretary of State of the United States of America on the Visa Application of Mr. Yasser Arafat, Made at the 136th Meeting of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country, on 28 November 1988, UN Doc A/C.6/43/7 (1988).

page 527 note 20 GA Res. 43/48, para. 3 (Nov. 30, 1988).

page 527 note 21 Diplomatic Cable No. USUN New York 1939, Processing of G Visas and Meeting U.S. Host Country Obligations (Oct. 11, 2006), available at http://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06USUNNEWYORK1939_a.html. [Editors’ note: The citation to the “seventh floor” is a reference to the handful of top-level officials, including the secretary of state, whose offices are located on the seventh floor of the U.S. Department of State.]

page 527 note 22 Diplomatic Cable No. USUN New York 729, Denial of a Visa to a Member of the Iranian Foreign Ministry (July 29, 2009), available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/wikileaks/cable33.html.

page 527 note 23 see Sciolino, Elaine, Lingering Power of Hostage Crisis Short-Circuits Iranian Nominee, N.Y. Times, Apr. 13, 2014, at A8 Google Scholar.

page 528 note 24 Letter from H. E. Ambassador Gholamhossein Dehghani to Secretary-General of the United Nations (Apr. 14, 2014), available at http://iran-un.org/en/2014/04/14/14-april-2014.

page 528 note 25 Note Verbale No. 108 from the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the UN Permanent Mission of Cyprus to the United Nations (Apr. 14, 2014), available at http://iran-un.org/en/2014/04/14/14-april-2014.

page 528 note 26 Dehghani Statement, supra note 7.

page 528 note 27 Following the meeting, the chairman of the committee, Ambassador Nicholas Emiliou of Cyprus, said: “Among the issues that we dealt with was the issue of entry visas by the host country, where Iran and the United States presented their views on the well known incident concerning the denial of visa to the new Permanent Representative of Iran. There was a discussion with the participation of several delegations, and the Committee decided to remain seized of the issue and we will revert to it if necessary.” Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cyprus to the United Nations Press Release, Statement by Chair of UN Host Country Committee, Ambassador Nicholas Emiliou of Cyprus (Apr. 22, 2014), available at http://www.cyprusun.org/?p=6390.

page 528 note 28 Act of Apr. 18, 2014, Pub. L. No. 113-100, 128 Stat. 1145 (2014).

page 528 note 29 8 U.S.C. §1102 note (2012) (setting forth the 1990 statute).

page 528 note 30 Id.

page 528 note 31 George Bush, Statement on Signing the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 (Feb. 16, 1990), available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=18165.

page 529 note 32 S. Res. 2195, 113th Cong. (2014) (enacted); see also Press Release, Sen. Ted Cruz, Sen. Cruz Introduces S. 2195 to Prevent Terrorists from Entering U.S. as U.N. Ambassadors (Apr. 1, 2014), at http://www.cruz.senate.gov/?p=press_release&id=1083.

page 529 note 33 128 Stat. 1145.

page 529 note 34 Id. (modifying, in part, 8 U.S.C. §1182(a)(3)(B)(iii)).

page 529 note 35 Id.

page 529 note 36 White House Press Release, supra note 1.

page 529 note 37 see 128 Stat. 1145.

page 529 note 38 Hanif Zarrabi-Kashani, Headlines: Alternatives for U.N. Envoy, Iran’s Population Increase, & IAEA Set to Visit Iran, Brookings (Apr. 30, 2014), at http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/iran-at-saban/posts/headlines-2014/04/30-who-will-replace-iran-un-envoy-hamid-aboutalebi.

page 529 note 39 Iranian MP Urges Gov’t to Resist US Pressure over UN Envoy Pick, Tasnim News Agency, May 10, 2014, at http://www.tasnimnews.com/English/Home/Single/365804; Iran Should Defy US Language of Force in UN Envoy Row, MP Says, Tasnim News Agency, May 8, 2014, at http://www.tasnimnews.com/English/Home/Single/364052; MP Urges Gov’t to Avoid Illegal Concessions to US over Abutalebi, Tasnim News Agency, May 8, 2014, at http://www.tasnimnews.com/English/Home/Single/363999.

page 530 note 1 Jeremy Page, Pacific Navies Agree on Code of Conduct for Unplanned Encounters, Wall ST. J., Apr. 22, 2014, at http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304049904579517342779110078; Western Pacific Naval Symposium (WPNS) Workshop 2014, Minutes, Enclosure 1 (Jan. 14–17, 2014), available at http://img.mod.gov.cn/reports/201310/bzdd/site21/20140213/4437e6581cab14667a2734.pdf (WPNS Workshop personnel attendance list) [hereinafter WPNS Workshop Minutes].

page 530 note 2 WPNS Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea, Version 1.0, §1.1.2 (Apr. 22, 2014), available at http://www. tnial.mil.id/Portals/0/ANNOUNCEMENT/P_LAIN/DOKUMEN%20CUES%202014.pdf [hereinafter CUES Agreement].

page 530 note 3 Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China Press Release, East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone (Nov. 23, 2013), at http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2013-11/23/content_4476180.htm.

page 530 note 4 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Press Release, Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs on Announcement on the “East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone” by the Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China (Nov. 24, 2013),at http://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_000098.html; see also Daugirdas, Kristina & Mortenson, Julian Davis, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 108 AJIL 106, 106 (2014)Google Scholar.

page 530 note 5 Byung-Lyuen Kim, MND Expresses Regret at Overlapped ADIZ, Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Korea News Zone (Dec. 4, 2013), at http://www.mnd.go.kr/user/boardList.action?command=view&page=1&boardId=O_47261&boardSeq=O_56323&mcategoryId=&id=mnd_eng_030100000000.

page 530 note 6 Sang-Hun, Choe, After China, South Korea to Expand Its Own Air Defense Zone, N.Y. Times, Dec. 9, 2013, at A4 Google Scholar.

page 530 note 7 Daugirdas, Kristina & Mortenson, Julian Davis, Contemporary Practice of the United States, 108 AJIL 331,331 (2014)Google Scholar.

page 530 note 8 CUES Agreement, supra note 2, §1.1.1.

page 531 note 9 Christian Le Mière, Managing Unplanned Encounters at Sea, IISS Military Balance Blog (May 1, 2014), at http://www.iiss.org/en/militarybalanceblog/blogsections/2014-3bea/april-7347/managing-unplanned-encounters-at-sea-087b.

page 531 note 10 CUES Agreement, supra note 2, §1.4.1 (“WPNS navies that choose to adopt CUES for naval cooperation do so on a voluntary and non-binding basis.”); see also id., §1.1.1 (“The document is not legally binding; rather it’s a coordinated means of communication to maximise safety at sea.”).

page 531 note 11 Although CUES does not specify an area of application, it explicitly “does not supersede... rules applicable under international agreements or treaties or international law.” Id., §1.5.2; see also WPNS Workshop Minutes, supra note 1, para. 57 (discussing the limitations on territorial applicability imposed by CUES Agreement §1.5.2). Officials have therefore interpreted it to apply in exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and on the high seas, but not in territorial waters, since the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea preserves the right of member nations to regulate the activity of all foreign ships entering their territorial sea and limit their actions to “innocent passage.” see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Art. 21, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 UNTS 397; see also Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China Press Release, Senior Chinese Navy Official Hails 14th WPNS’Achievements (Apr. 25, 2014), at http://eng.mod.gov.cn/TopNews/2014-04/25/content_4505570.htm (citing remarks by PLAN Deputy Commander Ding Yiping, warning that “it is wrong...to...hamper China from protecting its legal rights in the East China Sea and the South China Sea by mistakenly reading the regulations”).

page 531 note 12 see Le Mière, supra note 9.

page 531 note 13 U.S. Dep’t of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2014, at 38 (2014), at http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2014_DoD_China_Report.pdf(summarizing China’s approach to maritime security).

page 531 note 14 See, e.g., Martin Sieff, China Challenges Call for South China Sea Code of Conduct, Asia Pacific Defense Forum(June 6,2014), at http://apdforum.com/en_GB/article/rmiap/articles/online/features/2014/06/06/code-conduct-debate (noting that “PLA Navy commander Adm. Wu Shengli hailed the new CUE as a milestone”); U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, Address at the IISS Shangri-La Dialogue (May 31, 2014), at http://www.defense.gov/Speeches/Speech.aspx?SpeechID=1857 (describing the agreement as “an important naval safety protocol” and proof that “cooperation is possible”).

page 531 note 15 Ha Kim Ngoc, Deputy Foreign Minister of Vietnam, Statement at the 17th Non-Aligned Movement Ministerial Meeting in Algiers (May 28, 2014), at http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/nr040807104143/nr040807105039/ns140529224422.

page 531 note 16 see Vietnam Sends Diplomatic Note Against Chinato UN Chief, Vietnamnet Bridge (June 1, 2014), at http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/government/103899/vietnam-sends-diplomatic-note-against-china-to-un-chief.html (reproducing diplomatic note of May 4, 2014, from Vietnam’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations to Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon).

page 532 note 17 Edith M. Lederer, China Takes Dispute with Vietnam to U.N., Associated Press, June 9, 2014, at http://bigstory.ap.org/article/china-takes-dispute-vietnam-un.

page 532 note 18 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China Press Release, The Operation of the HYSY 981 Drilling Rig: Vietnam’s Provocation and China’s Position (June 8, 2014), at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1163264.shtml.

page 532 note 19 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement, Vietnam/China: Chinese Oil Rig Operations near the Paracel Islands (May 7, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/225750.htm.

page 532 note 20 Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Press Release, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Meets with Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi (June 18, 2014), at http://www.vietnamembassy-arabsaudi.org/en/nr070521165843/nr070521170351/news_object_view?newsPath=/vnemb.vn/tin_hddn/ns140623160122.

page 532 note 21 CNPC Ends Drilling offXisha Islands, Xinhua News, July 16, 2014, at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-07/16/c_126757274.htm.

page 532 note 22 Relocation of Oil Rig Irrelevant:FM Spokesman, Xinhua News, July 18, 2014, at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-07/18/c_126766856.htm.

page 532 note 23 Christopher Bodeen, China Says Moving 2nd Oil Rig Closer to Vietnam, Associated Press, June 19, 2014, at http://bigstory.ap.org/article/china-says-moving-2nd-rig-closer-vietnam.

page 532 note 24 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing, Spokesperson Jen Psaki (June 20, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/06/228103.htm#CHINA.

page 532 note 1 160 Cong. Rec. S2155, S2157–58 (daily ed. Apr. 3, 2014), available at https://beta.congress.gov/crec/2014/04/03/CREC-2014-04-03.pdf

page 533 note 2 Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing,opened for signature Nov. 22, 2009, S.Treaty Doc. No. 112-4, available at http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166283/en [hereinafter Port State Measures Agreement].

page 533 note 3 Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean, opened for signature Apr. 1, 2012, S. Treaty Doc. No. 113-2, available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/treaty/submit/session183/pdfs/agree-05_01.pdf [hereinafter NPFC Convention].

page 533 note 4 Convention on the Conservation and Management of the High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean, opened for signature Feb. 1, 2010, S. Treaty Doc. No. 113-1, available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/Convention-and-Final-Act/2353205-v2-SPRFMOConvention-textascorrectedApril2010aftersignatureinFebruary2010forcertificationApril2010.pdf (corrected version of Apr. 2010) [hereinafter SPRFMO Convention].

page 533 note 5 Amendment to the Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, adopted Sept. 26, 2008, S. Treaty Doc. No. 113-3, available at http://www.nafo.int/about/frames/convention.html [hereinafter NAFO Amendment].

page 533 note 6 Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 105 AJIL 158, 158 (2011)Google Scholar (noting ratification of the Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance); see also U.S. Supreme Court Interprets Child Abduction Treaty, this issue.

page 533 note 7 160 Cong. Rec. S2158 (daily ed. Apr. 3, 2014), available at https://beta.congress.gov/crec/2014/04/03/CREC-2014-04-03.pdf.

page 533 note 8 S.267, 113th Cong. (2014), available at https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/267;see also National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, News and Updates Archives: Implementing Legislation for International Fisheries Treaties Submitted to Congress (July 2014), at http://www.legislative.noaa.gov/newsarchive.html.

page 533 note 9 Dalton, Robert E., United States, in National Treaty Law and Practice 765, 789 (Hollis, Duncan B., Blakeslee, Merritt R. & Ederington, L. Benjamin eds., 2005)Google Scholar.

page 534 note 10 160 Cong. Rec. S2155 (statement of Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse); see also id. (statement of Sen. Lisa Murkowski); id. at S2156–57 (statement of Sen. Mark Begich).

page 534 note 11 Letter of Submittal from Hillary Rodham Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State, to President Barack Obama (Mar. 18, 2011), in S. Treaty Doc. No. 112-4, at V (2011), available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-112tdoc4/pdf/CDOC-112tdoc4-pt1.pdf.

page 534 note 12 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service, Illegal Fishing: Not in Our Ports (2011), at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ia/iuu/portstate_factsheet.pdf.

page 534 note 13 Port State Measures Agreement, supra note 2, Art. 29.

page 534 note 14 Port State Measures Agreement Status (Mar. 11, 2014), available at http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/5_037s-e.pdf.

page 535 note 15 Statement of Ambassador David. A. Balton, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries, U.S. Dep’t of State, Before the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 7(Feb. 12, 2014),available at http://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Balton_Testimony.pdf [hereinafter Balton Testimony].

page 535 note 16 Id. at 2–3.

page 535 note 17 NPFC Convention, supra note 3, Art. 25.

page 535 note 18 Balton Testimony, supra note 15, at 4.

page 535 note 19 Id.

page 536 note 20 Id. at 4–5.

page 536 note 21 SPRFMO Convention, supra note 4, Art. 38 (further noting that the eight states must include three coastal states and three noncoastal states).

page 536 note 22 Balton Testimony, supra note 15, at 5.

page 536 note 23 NAFO Amendment, supra note 5.

page 537 note 24 Balton Testimony, supra note 15, at 6.

page 537 note 25 Id.

page 537 note 26 NAFO Amendment, supra note 5, Art. XXI (requiring “a three-fourth majority of the votes of all Contracting Parties”); NAFO, Contracting Parties (2014), at http://www.nafo.int/about/frames/convention.html (listing the twelve current contracting parties to NAFO).

page 537 note 27 Balton Testimony, supra note 15, at 7.

page 537 note 28 Id.

page 537 note 1 Indictment, United States v. Wang, Criminal No. 14-118 (W.D. Pa. May 1, 2014), available at http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/5122014519132358461949.pdf.

page 537 note 2 Id. at 1, 3, 4.

page 537 note 3 U.S. Dep’t of Justice Press Release No. 14-528, U.S. Charges Five Chinese Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage Against U.S. Corporations and a Labor Organization for Commercial Advantage (May 19, 2014), at http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2014/May/14-ag-528.html (quoting U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder as saying that this case alleges “economic espionage by members of the Chinese military and represents the first ever charges against a state actor for this type of hacking”).

page 537 note 4 U.S. Dep’t of Justice Press Release, Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Press Conference Announcing U.S. Charges Against Five Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage (May 19, 2014), at http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2014/ag-speech-140519.html.

page 537 note 5 Id.

page 538 note 6 see Indictment, supra note 1, at 3–4.

page 538 note 7 Sanger, David E., Barboza, David & Perlroth, Nicole, China’s Army Seen as Tied to Hacking Against U.S., N.Y. Times, Feb. 19, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

page 538 note 8 Id.

page 538 note 9 Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 447, 447 (>2013)Google Scholar; see id. at 447–49 (summarizing and reprinting new U.S. policies).

page 538 note 10 Indictment, supra note 1. Specifically, the defendants were charged with violating various provisions of 18 U.S.C. §§1028A (identity theft), 1030 (computer fraud), 1831 (economic espionage), and 1832 (trade secrets).

page 538 note 11 Indictment, supra note 1, at 3–8.

page 538 note 12 Id. Respectively, these six victims are Westinghouse Electric Co.; U.S. subsidiaries of SolarWorld AG; United States SteelCorp.; Alcoa Inc.; Allegheny Technologies Inc.; and the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union.

page 538 note 13 Id. at 13–27.

page 538 note 14 Id. at 3–8.

page 538 note 15 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 89 (May 20, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/05/226365.htm#CHINA.

page 538 note 16 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China Press Release, China Reacts Strongly to US Announcement ofIndictment Against Chinese Personnel (May 19, 2014), at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t1157487.shtml [hereinafter P.R.C. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release].

page 538 note 17 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 89, supra note 15.

page 539 note 18 P.R.C. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release, supra note 16.

page 539 note 19 see Jim Finkle, Joseph Menn & Aruna Viswanatha,U.S. Accuses China of Cyber Spying on American Companies, Reuters, May 19, 2014, at http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/19/us-cybercrime-usa-china-idUSBREA4I09420140519.

page 539 note 20 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 88 (May 19, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/05/226307.htm#CHINA; see also Sanger, David E., With Spy Charges, U.S. Draws a Line That Few Others Recognize, N.Y. Times, May 20, 2014, at A8 (discussing reactions to this claim)Google Scholar.

page 539 note 21 P.R.C. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release, supra note 16.

page 539 note 22 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release No. 2013/0881, U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue V Strategic Track Select Outcomes (July 12, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/07/211862.htm.

page 539 note 23 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 88, supra note 20.

page 539 note 24 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release, Daniel R. Russel, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Testimony Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (June 25, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2014/06/228415.htm.

page 539 note 25 Embassy of the United States, Beijing, China, Press Release, Ambassador Baucus’s Speech to the Business Community (June 25, 2014), at http://beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/2014ir/ambassador-baucuss-speech-to-the-business-community-june-25-beijing-china.html.

page 539 note 26 see 18 U.S.C. §3181 note (2012) (listing U.S. extradition treaties currently in force).

page 539 note 27 See generally Fed. R. Crim. P. 43 (requiring defendant’s presence at court proceedings).

page 540 note 28 See also Chimène Keitner,Foreign Official Immunity and the Chinese Cyberespionage Indictments, Opinio Juris (May 21, 2014), at http://opiniojuris.org/2014/05/21/guest-post-foreign-official-immunity-chinese-cyberespionage-indictments.

page 540 note 29 see Nakashima, Ellen, Indictment of Chinese Hackers Part of Broad Strategy, Wash. Post, May 23, 2014, at A8 Google Scholar; see also Jack Goldsmith, Why Did DOJ Indict the Chinese Military Officers?, Lawfare (May 20, 2014), at http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/05/why-did-doj-indict-the-chinese-military-officers.

page 540 note 30 U.S. Dep’t of Justice Press Release, Assistant Attorney General for National Security John Carlin Speaks at the Press Conference Announcing U.S. Charges Against Five Chinese Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage (May 19, 2014), at http://www.justice.gov/nsd/opa/pr/speeches/2014/nsd-speech-140519.html.

page 540 note 31 U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing No. 89, supra note 15.

page 540 note 1 For more background on the Argentine debt saga, see Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 219 (2013) & 107 AJIL 930 (2013)Google Scholar.

page 540 note 2 EM Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 695 F.3d 201, 202–04 (2d Cir. 2012).

page 540 note 3 Id. at 203.

page 540 note 4 28 U.S.C. §§1330, 1602–1611.

page 541 note 5 EM Ltd., 695 F.3d at 204–05 (summarizing district court proceedings).

page 541 note 6 Id. at 203, 209 (citing Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 637 F.3d 783 (7th Cir. 2011)).

page 541 note 7 Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae on Petition for Writ of Certiorari, Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 134 S.Ct. 2250 (2014) (No. 12-842), available at http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/12-842-Argentina-v.-NML1.pdf (brief filed in December 2013).

page 541 note 8 Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 134 S.Ct. 895 (2014) (granting petition for writ of certiorari); see also Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 134 S.Ct. 1870 (2014) (granting solicitor general’s subsequent motion to participate in oral argument as amicus curiae and for divided argument in the case).

page 541 note 9 Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 134 S.Ct. 2250 (2014). Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was the only dissenter. Id. at 2259 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).

page 541 note 10 Id. at 2256–57 (majority opinion) (footnote omitted).

page 541 note 11 Id. at 2258.

page 542 note 12 Id. (footnote omitted).

page 542 note 13 Id. ; see also Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner on Writ of Certiorari, Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd. at 24–33, 134 S.Ct. 2250 (2014) (No. 12-842), available at http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs-v3/12-842_pet_amcu_usa.authcheckdam.pdf (brief filed in March 2014).

page 542 note 14 Brief for the United States, supra note 13, at 31.

page 542 note 15 Id. at 11 n.5.

page 542 note 16 134 S.Ct. at 2258 (citations omitted).

page 542 note 17 see Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 134 S.Ct. 2819 (2014) (denying petition for writ of certiorari in a separate but related case). In the underlying Second Circuit case, the court had explained the district court’s decision: “[W]henever Argentina pays a percentage of what is due on the [restructured debt], it must pay plaintiffs the same percentage of what is then due on the [original defaulted bonds].” NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 727 F.3d 230, 238 (2d Cir. 2013). For more background on this pari passu obligation, see Crook, supra note 1, at 930.

page 543 note 18 see Brief for the United States of America as Amicus Curiae in Support of Reversal at 29–30, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 699 F.3d 246 (2d Cir. 2012) (No. 12-105 et al.), available at http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/files/2012/04/US-Br.pdf (emphasizing “potential for affront” by foreign states, “friction in our foreign relations,” and “adverse consequences for the treatment of the United States and its property abroad under principles of reciprocity”); Brief for the United States of America as Amicus Curiae in Support of the Republic of Argentina’s Petition for Panel Rehearing and Rehearing en Banc at 7–8, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 727 F.3d 230 (2d Cir. 2013), available at http://www.shearman.com/~/media/Files/Old%20Site %20Files/NMLCapitalvArgentina20121228BriefofUS.pdf (similar). The subsequent Second Circuit opinion heading notes that some of the joined cases were dismissed as of October 26, 2012. NML Capital, Ltd., 727 F.3d at 230.

page 543 note 19 Reply Brief of Petitioner at 2, Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 134 S.Ct. 2819 (2014) (No. 13-1990), available at http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/2014-05-27-Argentina-Cert-Reply-FINAL.pdf

page 543 note 20 NML Capital Ltd., 727 F.3d at 238 (taking judicial notice that “Argentina’s officials have [also] publicly and repeatedly announced their intention to defy any rulings of this Court and the district court with which they disagree”).

page 543 note 21 Eavis, Peter, Action by Argentina Seems to Defy Judge’s Order on Bond Payments, N.Y. Times, June 27, 2014, at B5 Google Scholar.

page 543 note 22 Argentina asserted that its payment was mandated by municipal law, since “failing to pay, while having the resources, and forcing the country into voluntary default, is not provided for by Argentine law, would be contrary to Argentina’s public order and would constitute a clear violation of the debt prospectuses.” Presidency of the Nation, Official Communiqué of the Argentine Government (June 29, 2014), at http://embassyofargentina.us/embassyofargentina.us/en/informationcenter/officialcommuniqueoftheargentinegovernment-argentinapays. pdf

page 543 note 23 Id.

page 543 note 24 Id.

page 544 note 25 Id.

page 544 note 26 Vivianne Rodrigues & Luc Cohen, Argentina’s Payment Illegal, Says US District Judge, Fin. Times, June 27, 2014, at http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f4f417ce-fe15-11e3-bd0e-00144feab7de.html#axzz39kLBws6h; Alden, William, Argentina’s Bond Payment Is Rebuffed by U.S. Judge, N.Y. Times, June 28, 2014, at B6 Google Scholar; Order, NML Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, No. 1:08-cv-06978-TPG (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2014) (final order entered prohibiting transfer of funds to creditors). For technical reasons, the judge permitted a one-time payment on a subset of the bonds. Ken Parks, U.S. Judge Approves One-Time Argentina Payment on Some Bonds, Wall St. J., July 29, 2014, at http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2014/07/29/u-s-judge-approves-one-time-argentina-payment-on-some-bonds. [Editors’ note: The order from the district court was issued after the cut-off date for this edition of the CPUS, but, for completeness, reference to it has been added during production.]

page 544 note 27 Alexandra Stevenson, S.&P. Says Argentina Has Defaulted, N.Y. Times, July 30, 2014, at http://dealbook. nytimes.com/2014/07/30/s-p-says-argentina-has-defaulted.

page 544 note 28 Nicole Hong, Taos Turner & Matt Day, Argentina Default Imminent as Talks Collapse, Wall St. J., July 31, 2014, at http://online.wsj.com/articles/argentina-bonds-rise-to-multiyear-highs-on-prospect-of-deal-14067 28458.

page 544 note 1 Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014: An Actto Prohibit Any Form of Sexual Relations Between Persons of the Same Sex; Prohibit the Promotion or Recognition of Such Relations and to Provide for Other Related Matters (2014) (Uganda), available at http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/country/foreign_law/uganda/anti-homosexuality_bill 2014.pdf [hereinafter 2014 Act].

page 544 note 2 Penal Code §145 (Uganda).

page 544 note 3 2014 Act, supra note 1, §2.

page 544 note 4 Id., §4.

page 544 note 5 Id., §13.

page 544 note 6 Id., §12. A domestic legal challenge was brought against the law on the grounds that the act is in “contraven tion of the right to equality before the law without any discrimination and the right to privacy guaranteed under... the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda.” Complaint, para. 12, Oloka-Onyango v. Att’y Gen., Const. Petition No. 08 (Mar. 11, 2014) (Uganda), available at http://iglhrc.org/sites/default/files/Uganda%20Anti%20Homosexuality%20Act%20Petition%20No.%20008%20of%202014.pdf. That litigation is ongoing.

page 545 note 7 Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Signs Anti-gay Bill, BBC News Africa, Feb. 24, 2014, at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26320102 [hereinafter BBC News Africa].

page 545 note 8 Sudarsan Raghavan, Ugandan Leader Signs Harsh Anti-gay Bill Despite Warning from Obama Administration, Wash. Post, Feb. 24, 2014, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/ugandan-leader-signs-harsh-anti-gay-bill-despite-warning-from-obama-administration/2014/02/24/88486066-9d63-11e3-878c-65222df220eb_story.html.

page 545 note 9 BBC News Africa, supra note 7 (with Museveni further noting that “‘[w]hen that is proved, we can review this legislation’”). The U.S. Department of State considered sending a group of experts to Uganda to take Museveni up on this invitation. The trip has not yet taken place. U.S. Dep’t of State Daily Press Briefing (Mar. 19, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2014/03/223707.htm.

page 545 note 10 White House Press Release, Statement by the President on the Anti-Homosexuality Bill in Uganda (Feb. 16, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/02/16/statement-president-anti-homosexuality-bill-uganda.

page 545 note 11 Gordon, Michael R., Kerry Condemns Uganda’s Antigay Law, N.Y. Times, Feb. 27, 2014, at A8 Google Scholar.

page 545 note 12 U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement, Readout of Secretary Kerry’s Call with Ugandan President Museveni (Feb. 28, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/02/222729.htm.

page 546 note 13 Gordon, supra note 11.

page 546 note 14 World Bank Postpones $90m Uganda Loan over Anti-gay Law, BBC News Africa, Feb. 28, 2014, at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26378230; see also Jim Yong Kim, Op-Ed, Discrimination by Law Carries a High Price, Wash. Post, Feb. 28, 2014, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/jim-yong-kim-the-high- costs-of-institutional-discrimination/2014/02/27/8cd37ad0-9fc5-11e3-b8d8-94577ff66b28_story.html (op-ed by World Bank president arguing that “[l]egislation restricting sexual rights...can hurt a country’s competitiveness by discouraging multinational companies from investing or locating their activities in those nations”).

page 546 note 15 Nicholas Bariyo, Europeans Stop Uganda Aid After Antigay Law, Wall. St. J., Feb. 25, 2014, at http://online. wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304834704579404943830788778.

page 546 note 16 Cooper, Helene, Uganda’s Anti-Gay Law Complicates U.S. Aid in Rebel Hunt, N.Y. Times, Mar. 25, 2014, at A4 (but noting that the group will still receive $2.3 million in aid)Google Scholar.

page 546 note 17 Briefing: Punitive Aid Cuts Disrupt Healthcare in Uganda, Irin Humanitarian News & Analysis, Apr. 2, 2014, at http://www.irinnews.org/report/99878/briefing-punitive-aid-cuts-disrupt-healthcare-in-uganda.

page 546 note 18 John Kerry, Secretary of State, Remarks at GLIFAA Pride Event (June 19, 2014), at http://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/06/228045.htm.

page 546 note 19 Grant Harris & Stephen Pomper, Further U.S. Efforts to Protect Human Rights in Uganda, White House Blog (June 19, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/06/19/further-us-efforts-protect-human-rights-uganda.

page 546 note 20 Id.

page 546 note 21 Id.

page 546 note 22 Oloka-Onyango v. Att’y Gen., Const. Pet. No. 8 of 2014, [2014] UGCC 14 (Const. Ct. Uganda Aug. 1, 2014), available at http://www.ulii.org/ug/judgment/constitutional-court/2014/14; see also Gettleman, Jeffrey, Uganda Anti-GayLawStruckDown by Court, N.Y.Times,Aug.2,2014, at A4 Google Scholar(quoting a U.S. Department of State official as responding to the decision by stating that “‘[w]e will consider what steps may be necessary to respond appropriately to this new development’”). [Editors’ note: The ruling from the Ugandan Constitutional Court on August 1, 2014, was issued after the cut-off date for this edition of the CPUS, but, for completeness, reference to it has been added during production.]

page 547 note 23 Gettleman, supra note 22.

page 547 note 24 Everything You Need to Know About Africa’s Anti-gay Crackdown, The Week, Mar. 30, 2014, at http://theweek.com/article/index/258826.

page 547 note 25 Briefing, supra note 17.

page 547 note 1 Alicia Van Der Veen, U.S. Support for UN Peacekeeping in Mali, Dipnote: U.S. Department of State Official Blog (Mar. 10, 2014), at https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2014/03/10/us-support-un-peacekeeping-mali.

page 547 note 2 2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States, Pub. L. No. 107-206, §§2001–2015, 116 Stat. 820 (2002) (codified at 22 U.S.C. §§7421–7433) (2002 American Servicemembers’ Protection Act) [hereinafter ASPA].

page 547 note 3 Nossiter, Adam & Schmitt, Eric, France Battling Islamists in Mali, N.Y. Times, Jan. 12, 2013, at A1 Google Scholar.

page 547 note 4 Minusma: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Mali, at http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minusma/background.shtml.

page 548 note 5 SC Res. 2100, para. 16 (Apr. 25, 2013).

page 548 note 6 Minusma, supra note 4.

page 548 note 7 See, e.g., Scheffer, David J., The United States andthe International Criminal Court, 93 AJIL 12, 18–19 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

page 548 note 8 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Art. 12(2)(a), July 17, 1998, 2187 UNTS 90. These additional admissibility criteria reflect the principle of complementarity. See id., Art. 17(a)(1) (noting that cases are inadmissible if being investigated or prosecuted by a state which has jurisdiction over it).

page 548 note 9 SC Res. 1422 (July 12, 2002), renewed as SC Res. 1487 (June 12, 2003); Murphy, Sean D., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 96 AJIL 725 (2002) & 97 AJIL 710 (2003)Google Scholar.

page 548 note 10 Murphy, Sean D., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 97 AJIL 200 (2003)Google Scholar; Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 99 AJIL 719 (2005)Google Scholar.

page 548 note 11 Murphy, Sean D., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 96 AJIL 975, 976 (2002)Google Scholar.

page 548 note 12 Mark Mazzetti, U.S. Cuts in Africa Aid Hurt War on Terror and Increase China’s Influence, Officials Say, N.Y. Times, July 23, 2006, at http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E6DC143FF930A15754C0A9609C8B63.

page 548 note 13 at http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/mali.aspx.

page 548 note 14 see Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 101 AJIL 213 (2007)Google Scholar.

page 548 note 15 On January 10, 2012, for example, President Barack Obama submitted a certification regarding U.S. participation in the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, certifying that “members of the U.S. Armed Forces participating in the United Nations Mission in South Sudan are without risk of criminal prosecution or other assertion of jurisdiction by the International Criminal Court (ICC) because the Republic of South Sudan is not a party to the ICC and has not invoked the jurisdiction of the ICC pursuant to Article 12 of the Rome Statute.” 77 Fed. Reg. 3371 (Jan. 24, 2012).

page 549 note 16 White House Press Statement, Presidential Memorandum—Certification Concerning U.S. Participation in the United Nations Multidimensional (Jan. 31, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/31/presidential-memorandum-certification-concerning-us-participation-united.

page 549 note 17 [Editors’ note: Presumably the United States and Mali reached such an agreement regarding the U.S. forces participating in MINUSMA.]

page 549 note 18 Agreement Regarding Status of U.S. Military Personnel and Civilian Employees of the Department of Defense in Connection with the African Crisis Response Initiative, Sept. 30, 1997, U.S.-Mali, Hein’s No. KAV 5574, Temp. State Dept. No. 04-597 (emphasis added) [hereinafter U.S.-Mali Agreement].

page 549 note 19 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Arts. 29, 31, 37(2), Apr. 18, 1961, 23 UST 3227, 500 UNTS 95.

page 549 note 20 See, e.g., Murphy, supra note 10, at 201–03.

page 550 note 21 Rome Statute, supra note 8, Art. 98(2).

page 550 note 22 Report of an Independent Task Force Convened by the American Society of International Law: U.S. Policy Toward the International Criminal Court: Furthering Positive Engagement 9 n.64, 35 (2009), available at http://www.amicc.org/docs/ASIL%20ICC%20Report.pdf.

page 550 note 23 See, e.g., id. at 32, 35; Murphy, supra note 10, at 202–03.

page 550 note 24 Report of an Independent Task Force, supra note 22, at 36.

page 550 note 25 U.S.-Mali Agreement, supra note 18.

page 550 note 1 New York Times Co. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 11731 (2d Cir. June 23, 2014), amended, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 13035 (July 10, 2014) (Freedom of Information Act suit); see also Greg Miller, Legal Memo Backing Drone Strike That Killed American Anwar al-Awlaki Is Released, Wash. Post, June 23, 2014, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/legal-memo-backing-drone-strike-is-released/2014/06/23/1f48dd16-faec-11e3-8176-f2c941cf35f1_story.html. In 2013, the Department of Justice had released a much shorter white paper addressing some of the same issues. see Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 462, 462 (2013)Google Scholar.

page 550 note 2 David J. Barron, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Memorandum for the Attorney General Re: Applicability of Federal Criminal Laws and the Constitution to Contemplated Lethal Operations Against Shaykh Anwar al-Aul-aqi (July 16, 2010), available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/r/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2014/06/23/National-Security/Graphics/memodrones.pdf.

page 550 note 3 The statutory-authorization analysis was critical to the memorandum’s central conclusion that U.S. forces would not expose themselves to federal criminal liability for killing al-Awlaki. Id. at 12 (arguing that, for example, the criminal prohibition on “[f]oreign murder of United States nationals” is subject to a “public authority justification, which can render lethal action carried out by a governmental official lawful in some circumstances”); see also id. at 20 (summarizing the memorandum’s conclusion that “a public authority justification... would be available because the operation would constitute the ‘lawful conduct of war’—a well established variant of the public authority justification”).

page 551 note 4 Id. at 21 (footnotes and citation omitted).

page 552 note 5 Id. at 22–23 (some citations omitted).

page 554 note 6 Id. at 23–27 (footnotes and citations omitted).

page 555 note 7 Id. at 22 n.28; see also id. at 37–38 (concluding for similar reasons that the War Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. §2241, would not apply).

page 555 note 8 Id. at 27–30.

page 555 note 9 Id. at 30.

page 555 note 10 Id. at 39.

page 555 note 11 Id. at 40–41.

page 556 note 12 Id. at 41.

page 556 note 1 Schmidt, Michael S., Baker, Peter & Schmitt, Eric, U.S. Seizes Suspect in Deadly Assault in Benghazi in ‘12, N.Y. Times, June 18, 2014, at A1 Google Scholar.

page 556 note 2 Letter from U.S. Ambassador Samantha Power to Security Council President Vitaly Churkin (June 17, 2014), available at https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1201215/power-letter-to-un-about-khattala.pdf.

page 556 note 3 Id. ; see also UN Charter, Art. 51 (“Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council... .”).

page 556 note 4 White House Press Statement, Statement by the President on the Apprehension of Ahmed Abu Khatallah (June 17, 2014), at http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/06/17/statement-president-apprehension-ahmed-abu-khatallah.

page 556 note 5 Letter from U.S. Ambassador Samantha Power, supra note 2.

page 557 note 6 Schmidt, Michael S., Benghazi Attack Suspect Ordered Held Until Trial, N.Y. Times, July 3, 2014, at A11 Google Scholar.

page 557 note 1 Lozano v. Montoya Alvarez, 134 S.Ct. 1224 (2014); Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, opened for signature Oct. 25, 1980, TIAS No. 11,670, 1343 UNTS 98 [hereinafter Hague Convention]; see also Chafin v. Chafin, 133 S.Ct. 1017 (2013); Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 107 AJIL 471 (2013)Google Scholar; Abbott v. Abbott, 560 U.S. 1 (2010); Crook, John R., Contemporary Practice of the United States, 104 AJIL 525 (2010)Google Scholar.

page 557 note 2 Hague Convention, supra note 1, Art. 12.

page 557 note 3 Id.

page 557 note 4 Lozano, 134 S.Ct. at 1228.

page 557 note 5 Id. at 1229–31.

page 557 note 6 Id. at 1231.

page 558 note 7 Id. at 1231–32 (citation omitted).

page 558 note 8 Id. at 1232 (citation omitted).

page 558 note 9 Id. at 1233 (citation omitted).

page 558 note 10 Id.

page 558 note 11 Id. at 1234–35 (citations and footnotes omitted).

page 558 note 12 Id. at 1235 (citations omitted).

page 559 note 13 Id. (citations omitted).

page 559 note 14 Id. at 1236.

page 559 note 15 Hague Convention, supra note 1, Art. 34 (emphasis added).

page 559 note 16 Lozano, 134 S.Ct. at 1236 (citations omitted).

page 559 note 17 Id. at 1234 n.5.

page 559 note 18 Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Respondent at 21–24, Lozano v. Montoya Al varez, 134 S.Ct. 1224 (2014) (No. 12-820) (citations omitted), available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/226394.pdf.

page 560 note 19 Id. at 20 n.5.

page 560 note 20 Lozano, 134 S.Ct. at 1238.

page 561 note 21 Id. at 1237–39 (citations omitted).