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U.S. Support for Multinational Intervention in Liberia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2017

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Type
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 98 , Issue 1 , January 2004 , pp. 193 - 195
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2004 

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References

1 Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on Liberia, UN Doc. S/2003/875, at 2 (Sept. 11, 2003) [hereinafter Report of the Secretary-General]; see Adebajo, Adekeye, Liberia’s Civil War: Nigeria, Ecomog, and Regional Security in West Africa (2002).Google Scholar

2 Report of the Secretary-General, supra note 1, at 3.

3 Id.

* See Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Deployment of U.S. Military Forces in Response to Security Concerns for U.S. Embassy Personnel in Liberia and Mauritania, 39 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 739 (June 9, 2003).Google Scholar

5 See Richard, W. Stevenson & Marquis, Christopher, Bush Team Faces Widespread Pressure to Act on Liberia, N.Y. Times, July 23, 2003, at A3.Google Scholar

6 See White House Press Release on Statement on Liberia (July 25, 2003), at <http://www.whitehouse.gov>>Google Scholar; Loeb, Vernon & Lynch, Colum, Marines Sent to Liberian Coast, Wash. Post, July 26, 2003, at A1.Google Scholar

7 See The President’s News Conference, 39 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1003, 1013 (July 30, 2003)Google Scholar; see also U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release on U.S. Secretary of State Colin, L. Powell, Interview with the Washington Times Editorial Board (July 22, 2003), at <http://www.state.gov>>Google Scholar.

8 SCRes. 1497 (Aug. 1, 2003). The vote was 12 in favor and 3 abstentions (France, Germany, Mexico). The abstentions were in protest of the inclusion of paragraph 7. See UN Doc. S/PV.4803, at 2-3 (Aug. 1, 2003) (Mexico statement); id. at 4 (Germany); id. at 7 (France).

9 See UN Doc. S/2003/784 (Aug. 1, 2003).

10 SC Res. 1497, supra note 8.

11 See Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Further Deployment of U.S. Military Forces in Liberia, 39 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1056 (Aug. 13, 2003).

12 See Sengupta, Somini, Peacekeeping Unit Arrives in Liberia, N.Y. Times, Aug. 5, 2003, at Al Google Scholar. The deployment of Nigerian troops was initially delayed by financial shortcomings, which placed pressure on states (including the United States) to provide economic assistance. See Barringer, Felicity, U.S. Offers Resolution to Approve African Force for Liberia, N.Y. Times, July 31, 2003, at A11 Google Scholar. The United States contributed roughly U.S.$26 million to ECOMIL from the time it was deployed until October 1, 2003. See U.S. Dep’t of State Press Statement on Richard Boucher, Spokesman, UN Peacekeeping Mission in Liberia Begins Operations (Oct. 1, 2003).

13 See Sengupta, Somini, Liberian President Resigns as Peacekeepers Enter Capital, N.Y. Times, Aug. 8, 2003, at A3.Google Scholar

14 See Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Further Deployment of U.S. Military Forces in Liberia, supra note 11; Weiner, Tim, 200 U.S. Marines Land in Liberia to Aid African Force, N.Y. Times, Aug. 15, 2003, at A4.Google Scholar

15 See Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Further Deployment of U.S. Military Forces in Liberia, supra note 11; Lawrence Di Rita, U.S. Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, U.S. Dep’t of Defense News Briefing (Aug. 13, 2003), at <http://www.dod.gov>.

16 See Comprehensive Agreement Between the Government of Liberia and the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURO) and the Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL) and Political Parties, Aug. 18, 2003, of <http://www.usip.org>; see also Wax, Emily & Vick, Karl, Peace Deal Is Signed in Liberia, Wash. Post. Aug. 19, 2003, at A1.Google Scholar Among other things, the agreement provided for an immediate end to the war and the establishment of a transitional government leading to elections in October 2005. The agreement called upon ECOWAS to establish a multinational force that would secure the cease fire and assist the transitional government. The agreement also requested that the United Nations deploy a peacekeeping force to Liberia.

17 SC Res. 1509, para. 1 (Sept. 19, 2003).

18 Id., paras. 1, 3.

19 See U.S. Dep’t of State Press Release on Richard Boucher, Spokesman, UN Peacekeeping Mission in Liberia Begins Operations (Oct. 1, 2003), at <http://www.state.gov>; U.S. Policy Toward Liberia: Hearing Before the Subcomm. of the House Comm. on Int’l Relations, 108th Cong. 7-11 (2003) (statement of Walter H. Kansteiner III, assistant secretary of state for African affairs), at <http://www.house.gov/international_relations/108/89671.pdf>.