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Using 3D Models to Understand the Changing Role of Fluting in Paleoindian Point Technology from Clovis to Dalton

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2022

Ashley M. Smallwood ,
Thomas A. Jennings ,
Heather L. Smith ,
Charlotte D. Pevny ,
Michael R. Waters ,
Thomas J. Loebel ,
John Lambert ,
Jacob Ray  and
Devin Stephens
Ashley M. Smallwood*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Center for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Thomas A. Jennings*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Center for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Heather L. Smith*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
Charlotte D. Pevny
Affiliation:
SEARCH Inc., New Orleans, LA, USA
Michael R. Waters
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Thomas J. Loebel
Affiliation:
Illinois State Archaeological Survey, Champaign, IL, USA
John Lambert
Affiliation:
Illinois State Archaeological Survey, Champaign, IL, USA
Jacob Ray
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Center for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Devin Stephens
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Center for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
*
(a.smallwood@louisville.edu, corresponding author)
(thomas.jennings@louisville.edu, corresponding author)
(to.heather.smith@txstate.edu)
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Abstract

Fluting is a technological and morphological hallmark of some of the most iconic North American Paleoindian stone points. Through decades of detailed artifact analyses and replication experiments, archaeologists have spent considerable effort reconstructing how flute removals were achieved, and they have explored possible explanations of why fluting was such an important aspect of early point technologies. However, the end of fluting has been less thoroughly researched. In southern North America, fluting is recognized as a diagnostic characteristic of Clovis points dating to approximately 13,000 cal yr BP, the earliest widespread use of fluting. One thousand years later, fluting occurs more variably in Dalton and is no longer useful as a diagnostic indicator. How did fluting change, and why did point makers eventually abandon fluting? In this article, we use traditional 2D measurements, geometric morphometric (GM) analysis of 3D models, and 2D GM of flute cross sections to compare Clovis and Dalton point flute and basal morphologies. The significant differences observed show that fluting in Clovis was highly standardized, suggesting that fluting may have functioned to improve projectile durability. Because Dalton points were used increasingly as knives and other types of tools, maximizing projectile functionality became less important. We propose that fluting in Dalton is a vestigial technological trait retained beyond its original functional usefulness.

El acanalado es un sello distintivo de muchas puntas de piedra paleoindias de América del Norte. A lo largo de décadas de análisis de artefactos y experimentos de replicación, los arqueólogos han reconstruido cómo se lograron las remociones de flautas y exploraron posibles explicaciones de por qué las flautas fueron un aspecto tan importante de las primeras tecnologías de puntos. Sin embargo, el final del acanalado se ha investigado menos a fondo. En el sur de América del Norte, el acanalado se reconoce como una característica diagnóstica de las puntas de Clovis que data de ~13.000 cal año aP, el primer uso generalizado del acanalado. Mil años después, las acanaladuras ocurren de manera más variable en Dalton y ya no son útiles como indicador de diagnóstico. ¿Cómo cambió el fluting y por qué los creadores de puntos finalmente abandonaron el fluting? En este documento, utilizamos mediciones 2D tradicionales, análisis morfométrico geométrico (GM) de modelos 3D y GM 2D de secciones transversales de flauta para comparar las morfologías basales y de flauta de punta de Clovis y Dalton. Las diferencias significativas observadas muestran que el acanalado en Clovis estaba altamente estandarizado, lo que sugiere que el acanalado puede haber funcionado para mejorar la durabilidad del proyectil. Debido a que las puntas de Dalton se usaban cada vez más como cuchillos y otros tipos de herramientas, maximizar la funcionalidad de los proyectiles se volvió menos importante. Proponemos que el acanalado en Dalton es un rasgo tecnológico vestigial retenido más allá de su utilidad funcional original.

Keywords

lithic technologyPaleoindiancultural evolutiongeometric morphometricstecnología líticaPaleoindioevolución culturalmorfometría geométrica
Type
Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 87 , Issue 3 , July 2022 , pp. 544 - 566
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

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