Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T05:14:15.781Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Mid-Holocene Evidence of Cucurbita Sp. from Central Maine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James B. Petersen  and
Nancy Asch Sidell
James B. Petersen
Affiliation:
Archaeology Research Center, University of Maine, Farmington, ME 04938
Nancy Asch Sidell
Affiliation:
Archaeobotanical Consultant, 19 Heath Street, Oakland, ME 04963
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A fragmentary specimen of Cucurbita sp. has been recovered from an early context at the Sharrow site in central Maine. Directly dated to the mid-Holocene epoch on the basis of an accelerator mass spectrometer assay of 5695 ± 100 B.P. (AA-7491), this squash or gourd represents one of the earliest such finds in eastern North America. It greatly expands the distribution of mid-Holocene Cucurbita beyond previous finds in the Midwest, Midsouth, and Southeast. Three alternative hypotheses derived from this discovery are that (1) Cucurbita represents a previously unrecognized native plant in the far Northeast; (2) it was present in Maine as a trade item or an unintentional introduction; or (3) it was present as the result of early cultivation, whether introduced from Mesoamerica or elsewhere in eastern North American outside of Maine. Current evidence suggests that the first two hypotheses are unlikely. This leaves open the possibility that the presence of early Cucurbita at the Sharrow site represents the introduction of a cultivated plant into Maine during the mid-Holocene.

Resumen

Resumen

Se ha recuperado una muestra fragmentaria de Cucurbita sp. de un contexto temprano del sitio Sharrow en la parte central del estado de Maine (EE.UU.). Por medio de una prueba del AMS (accelerator mass spectrometer), la muestra ha sido fechada directamente en el Holoceno medio, dando un resultado de 5695 ± 100 a.P. (AA-7491). Esta calabaza o mate representa uno de los hallazgos más tempranos de este tipo en el este de Norteamérica, expandiéndose la distribución de la Cucurbita en el Holoceno medio más aliá de los hallazgos previos en el medio oeste, sur-centro, y sudeste de Norteamérica. El hallazgo sugiere tres hipótesis alternativas; (1) que la Cucurbita representa una planta nativa previamente ignorada en el lejano noreste; (2) estuvo presente en Maine como objeto de intercambio ofue introducida casualmente; o (3) estuvo presente como resultado de una horticultura temprana introducida desde Mesoamérica o alguna parte del este de Norteamérica fuera de Maine. Las evidencias actuates sugieren que las dos primeras hipótesis son poco probables, dejando abierta la posibilidad de que la presencia de Cucurbita temprana en el sitio Sharrow represente la introductión de una planta cultivada en Maine durante el Holoceno medio.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 61 , Issue 4 , October 1996 , pp. 685 - 698
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adovasio, J. M., and Johnson, W. C. 1981 The Appearance of Cultigens in the Upper Ohio Valley: A View from Meadowcroft Rockshelter. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 51(1-2): 63–80.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. S., Jacobson, G. L., Davis, R. B., and Stuckenrath, R. 1992 Gould Pond, Maine: Late-Glacial Transitions from Marine to Upland Environments. Boreas 21(4): 359–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asch, D. L., and Asch, N. B. 1980 Archaic Subsistence in West-Central Illinois. Paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Milwaukee.Google Scholar
Asch, D. L., and Asch, N. B. 1985 Prehistoric Plant Cultivation in West-Central Illinois. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Ford, R. I., pp. 149–203. Anthropological Papers 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Asch, D. L., and Asch Sidell, N. 1992 Archeobotany. In Early Woodland Occupations at the Ambrose Flick Site in the Sny Bottom of West-Central Illinois, edited by Stafford, C. R., pp. 177–293. Archeological Center Research Series 10. Center for American Archeology, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Asch Sidell, N. 1990 Archeobotany of the Early Fall Site (ME 7-13), A Late Woodland Site in the Bonny Eagle Project Area. In Archaeological Phase II Survey and Testing of the Bonny Eagle Project (FERC No. 2529), Cumberland and York Counties, Maine, Appendix VI, edited by Cowie, E. R. and Petersen, J.B. pp. VI-l-VI-30. University of Maine Archaeology Research Center, Farmington. Submitted to Central Maine Power Company, Augusta.Google Scholar
Asch Sidell, N. 1991 Sharrow Feature 20 Supplemental Paleobotanical Identifications. Manuscript on file, University of Maine Archaeology Research Center, Farmington.Google Scholar
Asch Sidell, N. 1992 Plant Use by Norridgewock Indians: A Comparison of the Historic and Archaeological Records. In Archaeological Phase II Testing of the Weston Project (FERC No. 2325), Somerset County, Maine, Appendix VI, edited by Cowie, E. R. and Petersen, J.B. pp. VIl- VI-26. University of Maine Archaeology Research Center, Farmington. Submitted to Central Maine Power Company, Augusta.Google Scholar
Asch Sidell, N. 1993 Archaeobotany. In Archaeological Investigations at the Memorial Park Site (36CN164), Clinton County, Pennsylvania, edited by Hart, J., pp. 425^439. Draft report by GAI Consultants. Submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Bartlein, P. J., and Webb, T. 1985 Mean July Temperature at 6000 YR B.P. in Eastern North America: Regression Equations for Estimates from Fossil-pollen Data. In Critical Periods in the Quaternary Climate History of Northern North America, edited by Harrington, C. R., pp. 301–342. Syllogeus 55. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Bartone, R. N., and Petersen, J. B. 1992 Archaeological Phase III Data Recovery Excavations at the Brockway Site (ME 90-3), Milo, Piscataquis County, Maine. University of Maine Archaeology Research Center, Farmington. Submitted to the Milo Water Department, Milo.Google Scholar
Baugh, T. G., and Ericson, J. E. (editors) 1994 Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bendremer, J. C, and Dewar, R. E. 1994 The Advent of Prehistoric Maize in New England. In Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World, edited by Johannessen, S. and Hastorf, C.A. pp. 369–393. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Bendremer, J. C. M., Kellogg, E. A., and Largy, T. B. 1991 A Grass-Lined Maize Storage Pit and Early Maize Horticulture in Central Connecticut. North American Archaeologist 12: 325–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, M. K., 1955 The Food Economy of the New England Indians, 1605-1675. Journal of Political Economy 63(5): 369–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourque, B. J. 1994 Evidence for Prehistoric Exchange on the Maritime Peninsula. In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, edited by Baugh, T. G. and Ericson, J.E. pp. 23–46. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J., and Crites, G. D. 1987 Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays) from the Icehouse Bottom Site, Tennessee. American Antiquity 52: 352–354.Google Scholar
Chapman, J., and Watson, P. J. 1993 The Archaic Period and the Flotation Revolution. In Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Scarry, C. M., pp. 2–38. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Chomko, S. A., and Crawford, G. W. 1978 Plant Husbandry in Prehistoric Eastern North America: New Evidence for its Development. American Antiquity 43: 405–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conard, N., Asch, D. L., Asch, N. B., Elmore, D., Gove, H., Rubin, M., Brown, J. A., Wiant, M. D., Farnsworth, K. B., and Cook, T. G. 1984 Accelerator Radiocarbon Dating of Evidence for Prehistoric Horticulture in Illinois. Nature 308(5958): 443–46.Google Scholar
Cowan, C. W., Jackson, H. E., Moore, K., Nickelhoff, A., and Smart, T.L. 1981 The Cloudsplitter Rockshelter, Mennifee County, Kentucky: A Preliminary Report. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 24: 60–76.Google Scholar
Crawford, G. W. 1982 Late Archaic Plant Remains from West-Central Kentucky: A Summary. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 7: 205–224.Google Scholar
Crites, G. D. 1987 Middle and Late Holocene Ethnobotany of the Hayes Site (40ML139): Evidence from Unit 990N918E. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 12: 3–32.Google Scholar
Davis, M. B. 1983 Holocene Vegetational History of the Eastern United States. In Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, edited by Wright, H., pp. 166–181. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Davis, R. B., Bradstreet, T. E., Stuckenrath, R., and Boms, H. W 1975 Vegetation and Associated Environments During the Past 14,000 Years Near Moulton Pond, Maine. Quaternary Research 5: 435–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, D. S. 1988 Origin(s), Evolution, and Systematics of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Economic Botany 42: 4–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, D. S., and Newsom, L. A. 1988 Numerical Analysis of Archaeological Cucurbita pepo Seeds from Hontoon Island, Florida. Journal of Ethnobiology 8: 35–44.Google Scholar
Decker, D. S., and Newsom, L. A. 1990 Evidence for Multiple Domestications of Cucurbita pepo. In Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae, edited by Bates, D. M, Robinson, R. W, and Jeffrey, C., pp. 96–101. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Decker, D. S., and Newsom, L. A. 1993 New Methods for Studying the Origins of New World Domesticates: The Squash Example. In Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Scarry, C. M., pp. 91–97. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Decker-Walters, D. S., Walters, T., Cowan, C. W, and Smith, B. D. 1993 Isozymic Characterization of Wild Populations of Cucurbita pepo. Journal of Ethnobiology 13: 55–72.Google Scholar
Dimmick, F. R. 1994 Creative Farmers of the Northeast: A New View of Indian Maize Horticulture. North American Archaeologist 15: 235–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dincauze, D. F. 1989 Geoarchaeology in New England. Review of Archaeology 10(2): 1–4.Google Scholar
Doran, G. H., Dickel, D. N., and Newsom, L. A. 1990 A 7,290-Year-Old Bottle Gourd from the Windover Site, Florida. American Antiquity 55: 354–360.Google Scholar
Erickson, V O. 1978 Maliseet-Passamaquoddy. In Northeast, edited by Trigger, B. G., pp.123—136. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, Sturtevant, W. G., general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Esau, K. 1965 Plant Anatomy. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Fobes, C. B. 1946 Climatic Divisions in Maine. Technical Experiment Bulletin 40. University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Ford, R. I. 1981 Gardening and Farming Before A.D. 1000: Patterns of Prehistoric Cultivation North of Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 1: 6–27.Google Scholar
Ford, R. I. 1985 Patterns of Prehistoric Food Production in North America. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Ford, R. I., pp. 341–364. Anthropological Paper 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Fritz, G. J. 1990 Multiple Pathways to Farming in Precontact Eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory 4: 387–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, G. J. 1994 Are the First American Farmers Getting Younger? Current Anthropology 35(3): 305–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gowlett, J. A. J. 1987 The Archaeology of Radiocarbon Accelerator Dating. Journal of World Prehistory 1(2): 127–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heckenberger, M. J., and Petersen, J. B. 1990 Archaeological Data Recovery at the Stratified Sharrow Site (ME 90-2D) in Central Maine: Report on the 1989 Excavations. University of Maine at Farmington Archaeology Research Center. Submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission and the Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta.Google Scholar
Heckenberger, M. J., and Petersen, J. B. 1992 Early Evidence of Maize Agriculture in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont. Archaeology of Eastern North America 20: 125–149.Google Scholar
Heiser, C. B. 1985 Some Botanical Considerations of the Early Domesticated Plants North of New Mexico. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Ford, R. I., pp. 57–97. Anthropological Paper 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Heiser, C. B. 1989 Domestication of Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita and Lagenaria. In Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation, edited by Harris, D. R. and Hillman, G.C. pp. 471–180. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Heiser, C. B. 1988 Paleoindian and Archaic Research in Kentucky. Kentucky Heritage Council, Lexington.Google Scholar
Hudson, C. 1976 The Southeastern Indians. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Jacobson, G. L., Webb, T., and Grimm, E. C. 1987 Patterns and Rates of Vegetation Change During the Deglaciation of Eastern North America. In North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, edited by Ruddiman, W. F. and Wright, H. E., pp. 277–288. The Geology of North America, vol. K-3. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Joyce, A. A. 1988 Early/Middle Holocene Environments in the Middle Atlantic Region, A Revised Reconstruction. In Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America, edited by Nicholas, G. P., pp. 185–214. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Joyce, A. A. 1980 Cucurbits from Phillips Spring: New Evidence and Interpretations. American Antiquity 45: 806–822.Google Scholar
King, F. B. 1985 Early Cultivated Cucurbits in Eastern North America. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Ford, R. I., pp. 73–97. Anthropological Papers 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, K. J., and Wilson, H. D. 1988 Interspecific Gene Flow in Cucurbita: C. texana vs. C. pepo. American Journal of Botany 75: 519–527.Google Scholar
Minnis, P. E. 1981 Seeds in Archaeological Sites: Sources and Some Interpretive Problems. American Antiquity 46: 143–152.Google Scholar
Newsom, L. 1994 Archaeobotanical Data from Groves’ Orange Midden (8VO2601), Volusia County, Florida. Florida Anthropologist 47(4): 404–417.Google Scholar
Newsom, L. A., Webb, S. D., and Dunbar, J. S. 1993 History and Geographic Distribution of Cucurbita pepo Gourds in Florida. Journal of Ethnobiology 13: 75–97.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B. 1986 A Late Pleistocene and Holocene Archaeological Sequence in Central Maine. Current Research in the Pleistocene 3: 16–19.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B. 1991 Archaeological Testing at the Sharrow Site: A Deeply Stratified Early to Late Holocene Cultural Sequence in Central Maine. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology 8. Maine Archaeological Society and Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B. 1995 Preceramic Archaeological Manifestations in the Far Northeast: A Review of Recent Research. Archaeology of Eastern North America 23: 207–230.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B. (editor) 1996 A Most Indispensable Art: Native Fiber Industries from Eastern North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B. (editor) 1988 A Stratigraphic Sequence at the Sharrow Site in Central Maine. Current Research in the Pleistocene 5: 19–20.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B., Hamilton, N. D., Putnam, D. E., Spiess, A. E., Stuckenrath, R., Thayer, C. A., and Wolford, J. A. 1986 The Piscataquis Archaeological Project: A Late Pleistocene and Holocene Occupational Sequence in Northern New England. Archaeology of Eastern North America 14: 1–18.Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B., and Putnam, D. E. 1987 Another Holocene Sequence and Recent Progress of the Piscataquis Archaeological Project in Central Maine. Current Research in the Pleistocene A'.l'i-IA. Google Scholar
Petersen, J. B., and Putnam, D. E. 1992 Early Holocene Occupation in the Central Gulf of Maine Region. In Early Holocene Occupation in Northern New England, edited by Robinson, B. S., Petersen, J. B., and Robinson, A. K., pp. 13–61. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology 9. Maine Archaeological Society and Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. L., and Brown, J. A. (editors) 1983 Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Prentice, G. 1986 Origins of Plant Domestication in the Eastern United States: Promoting the Individual in Archaeological Theory. Southeastern Archaeology 5(2): 103–119.Google Scholar
Prins, H. E. L. 1992 Cornfields at Meductic: Ethnic and Territorial Reconfigurations in Colonial Acadia. Man in the Northeast 44: 55–72.Google Scholar
Putnam, D. E. 1993 Correlating Paleoenvironmental Events through Flood Deposits at a Deeply Stratified Archaeological Site in Central Maine. Unpublished Master's thesis, Institute for Quaternary Studies, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Putnam, D. E. 1994 Vertical Accretion of Flood Deposits and Deeply Stratified Archaeological Site Formation in Central Maine, USA. Geoarchaeology 9(6): 467–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinhart, T. R., and Hodges, M. E. N. (editors) 1990 Early and Middle Archaic Research in Virginia: A Synthesis. Archaeological Society of Virginia Special Publication 22, Courtland.Google Scholar
Riley, T. J., Walz, G. R., Bareis, C. J., Fortier, A. C., and K. Parker, E. 1994 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Dates Confirm Early Zea Mays in the Mississippi River Valley. American Antiquity 59: 490–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, B. S., and Petersen, J. B. 1993 Perceptions of Marginality: The Case of the Early Holocene in Northern New England. Northeast Anthropology 46: 61–75.Google Scholar
Robinson, B. S., Petersen, J. B., and Robinson, A. K. (editors) 1992 Early Holocene Occupation in Northern New England. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology 9. Maine Archaeological Society and Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Scarry, C. M. 1993 Introduction. In Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Scarry, C. M., pp. 3–11. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1963 The Ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1985 The Role of Chenopodium as a Domesticate in Pre- Maize Garden Systems of the Eastern United States. Southeastern Archaeology 4(l): 51–72.Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1987 The Independent Domestication of Indigenous Seed- Bearing Plants in Eastern North America. In Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Keegan, W. F., pp. 3–47. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 7. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1989 Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America. Science 246: 1566–1571.Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1992a Rivers of Change, Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1992b Prehistoric Plant Husbandry in Eastern North America. In The Origins of Agriculture, An International Perspective, edited by Cowan, C. W. and Watson, P.J. pp. 101–119. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shelford, V E. 1993 Reconciling the Gender-Credit Critique and the Floodplain Weed Theory of Plant Domestication. In Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams, edited by Stoltman, J. B., pp. 111–125. Archaeological Report 25. Mississippian Department of Archives and History, Jackson.Google Scholar
Smith, B. D., and Cowan, C. W 1987 Domesticated Chenopodium in Prehistoric Eastern North America: New Accelerator Dates from Eastern Kentucky. American Antiquity 52: 355–357.Google Scholar
Smith, B. D., Cowan, C. W., and Hoffman, M. P. 1992 Is It an Indigene or a Foreigner? In Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 67–100. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Snow, D. R. 1978 Eastern Abenaki. In Northeast, edited by Trigger, B. G., pp. 137–147. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, W. G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Speck, F. G. 1940 Penobscot Man: The Life History of a Forest Tribe in Maine. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Spielmann, K. A. 1983 Late Prehistoric Exchange between the Southwest and Southern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 28: 257–272.Google Scholar
Spiess, A. E. 1992 Archaic Period Subsistence in New England and the Atlantic Provinces. In Early Holocene Occupation in Northern New England, edited by Robinson, B. S., Petersen, J. B., and Robinson, A. K., pp. 163–185. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology 9. Maine Archaeological Society and Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta.Google Scholar
Stewart, R. M. 1989 Trade and Exchange in Middle Atlantic Prehistory. Archaeology of Eastern North America 17: 47–78.Google Scholar
Thayer, C. A. 1990 Archaeological Geology and Chemical Investigations at the Brigham Site: A Sequence of Holocene Deposition from Northern New England. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J. 1985 The Impact of Early Horticulture in the Upland Drainages of the Midwest and Midsouth. In Prehistoric Food Production in North America, edited by Ford, R. I., pp. 99–147. Anthropological Papers 75. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J. 1989 Early Plant Cultivation in the Eastern Woodlands of North America. In Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation, edited by Harris, D. R. and Hillman, G.C. pp. 555–571. Unwin Hyman, London.Google Scholar
Watson, P. J., and Kennedy, M. 1991 The Development of Horticulture in the Eastern Woodlands of North America: Women's Roles. In Engendering Archaeology, edited by Gero, J. and Conkey, M., pp. 255–275. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Webb, T., Cushing, E. J., and Wright, H. E. 1983 Holocene Changes in the Vegetation of the Midwest. In Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, edited by Wright, H. E., pp. 142–165. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Westveld, M. Ashman, R. I., Baldwin, H. I., Holdsworth, R. P., Johnson, R. S., Lambert, J. H., Lutz, H. J., Swain, L., and Standish, M. 1956 Natural Forest Vegetation Zones of New England. Journal of Forestry 54: 332–338.Google Scholar
Whitaker, T. W, and Cutler, H. C. 1986 Cucurbits from Preceramic Levels at Guila Naquitz. In Guild Naquitz, Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico, edited by Flannery, K. V., pp. 275–279. Academic Press, Orlando.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. D. 1990 Gene Flow in Squash Species. BioScience 40(6): 449–455.Google Scholar
Wood, W. R. 1980 Plains Trade in Prehistoric and Protohistoric Intertribal Relations. In Anthropology on the Great Plains, edited by Wood, W R. and Liberty, M., pp. 98–109. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Wright, G. A. 1967 Some Aspects of Early and Mid-Seventeenth Century Exchange Networks in the Western Great Lakes. Michigan Archaeologist 13(4): 181–197.Google Scholar
Yarnell, R. A. 1993 The Importance of Native Crops during the Late Archaic and Woodland Periods. In Foraging and Farming in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Scarry, C. M., pp. 13–26. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Yarnell, R. A., and Black, M. J. 1985 Temporal Trends Indicated by a Survey of Archaic and Woodland Plant Food Remains from Southeastern North America. Southeastern Archaeology 4(2): 93–106.Google Scholar