Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T12:24:33.839Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Method for Conceptualizing and Classifying Feasting: Interpreting Communal Consumption in the Archaeological Record

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2019

Megan C. Kassabaum Open the ORCID record for Megan C. Kassabaum [Opens in a new window]
Megan C. Kassabaum*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, American Section, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, 3260 South St., Room 325, Philadelphia, PA 19139, USA
*
(mkass@sas.upenn.edu, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article contributes to an ongoing critical examination of feasting by developing a classification scheme that emphasizes the variable contexts in which feasts have occurred. Many recent archaeological and ethnographic accounts have focused on the political and economic roles feasts play in creating power and status differences among participants, while others have highlighted how they build community and increase solidarity within a group. My scheme reconceptualizes the term by giving two independent variables—group size and level of sociopolitical competition—equal roles in determining whether a given eating event is a feast; in turn, my dual-dimensional model facilitates more sophisticated interpretations of archaeological remains. After outlining its utility for describing and comparing eating events, this article evaluates the evidence for feasting at a precontact Native American mound site in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Botanical, faunal, and ceramic analyses of materials from the Feltus mounds (AD 750–1100) reveal fairly typical food-related assemblages, whereas the sheer amount of material, speed with which it was deposited, and size of individual specimens are exceptional. The resulting interpretation emphasizes feasting's role in creating and maintaining group solidarity at Feltus and advances understanding of noncompetitive outcomes of feasting behavior in the precontact American Southeast.

Este artículo contribuye a un análisis crítico en curso de festines por el desarrollo de un plano de clasificación que enfatiza los contextos variables en que las festines han ocurrido. Muchos estudios arqueológicos y etnográficos recientes se han concentrado en los papeles políticos y económicos de las festines en la creación de diferencias de poder y estatus entre los participantes, mientras que otros han destacado su papel en la construcción de la comunidad y el aumento de la solidaridad de un grupo. Mi esquema reconceptualiza el término al dar dos variables independientes (tamaño del grupo y nivel de competencia sociopolítica), roles iguales en la determinación de si un evento alimentario es una fiesta; a su vez, mi plano bidimensional facilita interpretaciones más sofisticadas de restos arqueológicos. Después de describir su utilidad para describir y comparar los eventos de comidas, este documento evalúa la evidencia del festín en un sitio túmulo nativo indígenas precontactos en el valle del Bajo Mississippi. Los análisis botánicos, faunísticos y cerámicos de los materiales de los túmulos de Feltus (750–1100 dC) revelan conjuntos bastante típicos relacionados con los alimentos, mientras que la gran cantidad de material, la velocidad con la que se depositó y el tamaño de los ejemplares individuales es excepcional. La interpretación resultante enfatiza el papel del festín en la creación y el mantenimiento de la solidaridad grupal a Feltus y avanza en la comprensión de los resultados no competitivos del comportamiento del festín en el sur de Estados Unidos precontacto.

Keywords

feastingfood consumptionritualclassificationColes CreekLower Mississippi ValleyLate Woodland periodfestinesconsumo de comidaritualclasificaciónArroyo Colesvalle del Bajo Mississippiperiódo Woodland Tardio
Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 84 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 610 - 631
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adler, Michael A., and Wilshusen, Richard H. 1990 Large-scale Integrative Facilities in Tribal Societies: Cross-Cultural and Southwestern U.S. Examples. World Archaeology 22:133–146.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun 1981 Gastropolitics in Hindu South Asia. American Ethnologist 8:494–511.Google Scholar
Artursson, Magnus, Earle, Timothy, and Brown, James 2016 The Construction of Monumental Landscapes in Low-Density Societies: New Evidence from the Early Neolithic of Southern Scandinavia (4000–3300 BC) in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41:1–18.Google Scholar
Barker, Alexander W. 1999 Chiefdoms and the Economics of Perversity. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Black, Lydia T. 1998 Bear in Human Imagination and in Ritual. Ursus 10:343–347.Google Scholar
Blitz, John H. 1993 Big Pots for Big Shots: Feasting and Storage in a Mississippian Community. American Antiquity 58:80–96.Google Scholar
Bossard, James, and Ball, Eleanor S. 1950 Ritual in Family Living: A Contemporary Study. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre 1984 Distinction. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Braun, David P. 1980 Experimental Interpretation of Ceramic Vessel Use on the Basis of Rim and Neck Formal Attributes. In The Navajo Project, edited by Fiero, Donald C., Munson, Robert W., McClain, Martha T., Wilson, Suzanne M., and Zier, Anne H., pp. 171–231. Research Paper No. 11. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Bray, Tamara L. 2003 To Dine Splendidly: Imperial Pottery, Commensal Politics, and the Inca State. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Bray, Tamara, pp. 93–142. Kluwer Academic, Boston.Google Scholar
Bray, Tamara L. (editor) 2003 The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires. Kluwer Academic, Boston.Google Scholar
Brown, James A. 2006 Where's the Power in Mound Building? An Eastern Woodlands Perspective. In Leadership and Polity in Mississippian Society, edited by Butler, Brian M. and Welch, Paul D., pp. 197–213. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 33. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Brown, N. R. 1999 The Archaeology of Ardleigh, Essex: Excavations 1955–1980. East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 90. Essex County Council, Chelmsford.Google Scholar
Brück, Joanna 1999 Ritual and Rationality: Some Problems of Interpretation in European Archaeology. European Journal of Archaeology 2:313–344.Google Scholar
Carmody, Stephen B., Kassabaum, Megan C., Hunt, Ryan K., Prodanovich, Natalie, Elliott, Hope, and Russ, Jon 2018 Residue Analysis of Smoking Pipe Fragments from the Feltus Archaeological Site, Southeastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17:640–649.Google Scholar
Claassen, Cheryl 2010 Feasting with Shellfish in the Southern Ohio Valley: Archaic Sacred Sites and Rituals. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Clark, John E., and Gosser, Dennis C. 1995 Reinventing Mesoamerica's First Pottery. In The Emergence of Pottery: Technology and Innovation in Ancient Societies, edited by Barnett, William K. and Hoopes, John W., pp. 209–221. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Codere, Helen 1950 Fighting with Property: A study of Kwakiutl Potlatching and Warfare, 1792–1930. University of Washington Press, Seattle.Google Scholar
Crowther, Gillian 2013 Eating Culture: An Anthropological Guide to Food. University of Toronto Press, Ontario.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael 1996 Feasts and Commensal Politics in the Political Economy: Food, Power and Status in Prehistoric Europe. In Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Wiessner, Polly and Schiefenhövel, Wulf, pp. 87–125. Berghahn, Providence, Rhode Island.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael 2001 Theorizing the Feast: Rituals of Consumption, Commensal Politics, and Power in African Contexts. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 65–114. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael, and Hayden, Brian 2001 Digesting the Feast: Good to Eat, Good to Drink, Good to Think. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 1–20. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Dietler, Michael, and Hayden, Brian (editors) 2001 Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Firth, Raymond 1951 Elements of Social Organization. Watts, London.Google Scholar
Fogelin, Lars 2007 The Archaeology of Religious Ritual. Annual Review of Anthropology 36:55–71.Google Scholar
Friedman, Jonathan, and Rowlands, Michael J. (editors) 1977 The Evolution of Social Systems. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Fritz, Gayle J. 2014 Maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana Walt.): Its Role and Significance in Native Eastern North American Agriculture. In New Lives for Ancient and Extinct Crops, edited by Minnis, Paul E., pp. 12–43. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Fritz, Gayle J., and Kidder, Tristram R. 2000 Recent Investigations into Prehistoric Agriculture in the Lower Mississippi Valley. In Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Pre-Columbian Americas, edited by Lentz, David L., pp. 1–14. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Garrow, Duncan 2012 Odd Deposits and Average Practice: A Critical History of the Concept of Structured Deposition. Archaeological Dialogues 19:85–115.Google Scholar
Gillespie Susan, D. 2008 History in Practice: Ritual Depositional Practices. In Memory Work: Archaeologies of Material Practices, edited by Mills, Barbara J. and Walker, William H., pp. 109–136. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack 1961 Religion and Ritual: The Definitional Problem. British Journal of Sociology 12:142–164.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack 1982 Cooking, Cuisine and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gumerman, George 1997 Food and Complex Societies. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4:105–139.Google Scholar
Haas, Jonathan, and Creamer, Winifred 2012 Why Do People Build Monuments? Late Archaic Platform Mounds in the Norte Chico. In Early New World Monumentality, edited by Burger, Richard L. and Rosenswig, Robert M., pp. 289–312. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Haggis, Donald C., Mook, Margaret S., Fitzsimons, Rodney D., Margaret Scarry, C., Snyder, Lynn M., and West, William C. 2011 Excavations in the Archaic Civic Buildings at Azoria in 2005–2006. Hesperia 80:1–70.Google Scholar
Hallowell, A. Irving 1926 Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere. American Anthropologist 28:1–175.Google Scholar
Hammond, Peter W. 1993 Food and Feast in Medieval England. Alan Sutton, Dover, New Hampshire.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Christine A. 2017 The Social Archaeology of Food: Thinking about Eating from Prehistory to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hastorf, Christine, and Weismantel, Mary J. 2007 Food: Where Opposites Meet. In The Archaeology of Food and Identity, edited by Twiss, Katheryn C., pp. 308–330. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 1996 Feasting in Prehistoric and Traditional Societies. In Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, edited by Wiessner, Polly and Schiefenhövel, Wulf, pp. 127–147. Berghahn Books, Providence, Rhode Island.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 2001 A Prolegomenon to the Importance of Feasting. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 23–64. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 2009 The Proof is in the Pudding: Feasting and the Origins of Domestication. Current Anthropology 50:597–601.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian 2014 The Power of Feasts: From Prehistory to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hayden, Brian, and Villeneuve, Suzanne 2011 A Century of Feasting Studies. Annual Review of Anthropology 40:433–449.Google Scholar
Henrickson, Elizabeth F., and McDonald, Mary 1983 Ceramic Form and Function: An Ethnographic Search and an Archeological Application. American Anthropologist 85:630–643.Google Scholar
Hill, Erica 2013 Archaeology and Animal Persons: Toward a Prehistory of Human-Animal Relations. Environment and Society 4:117–136.Google Scholar
Hunter, Donald G., Fritz, Gayle J., Autin, Whitney J., and Liu, Kam-biu 1995 Manifest East: Cultural Resources Investigations along Portions of Louisiana Highway 8, Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. Coastal Environments, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Insoll, Timothy 2004 Archaeology, Ritual, Religion. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Jackson, H. Edwin 2014 Animals as Symbols, Animals as Resources: The Elite Faunal Record in the Mississippian World. In Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, edited by Arbuckle, Benjamin S. and McCarty, Sue Ann, pp. 107–123. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Jackson, H. Edwin, and Scott, Susan L. 1995 The Faunal Record of the Southeastern Elite: The Implications of Economy, Social Relations, and Ideology. Southeastern Archaeology 14:103–119.Google Scholar
Jackson, H. Edwin, and Scott, Susan L. 2003 Patterns of Elite Faunal Utilization at Moundville, Alabama. American Antiquity 68:552–572.Google Scholar
Jennings, Justin, Antrobus, Kathleen L., Atencio, Sam J., Glavich, Erin, Johnson, Rebecca, Loffler, German, and Luu, Christine 2005 “Drinking Beer in a Blissful Mood”: Alcohol Production, Operational Chains, and Feasting in the Ancient World. Current Anthropology 46:275–303.Google Scholar
Kassabaum, Megan C. 2011 Looking Beyond the Obvious: Identifying Patterns in Coles Creek Mortuary Data. Southeastern Archaeology 30:215–225.Google Scholar
Kassabaum, Megan C. 2014 Feasting and Communal Ritual in the Lower Mississippi Valley, AD 700–1000. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Kassabaum, Megan C. 2018 Social Subsistence: Integrating Analyses of Ceramic, Plant, and Animal Remains from Feltus. In Baking, Bourbon, and Black Drink: Foodways Archaeology in the American Southeast, edited by Peres, Tanya M. and Deter-Wolf, Aaron, pp. 11–29. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Kassabaum, Megan C., and Nelson, Erin S. 2016 Standing Posts and Special Substances: Ritual Deposition at Feltus, Jefferson County, Mississippi. Southeastern Archaeology 35:134–154.Google Scholar
Kassabaum, Megan C., and Peles, Ashley 2019 Bears as Both Family and Food: Tracing the Changing Contexts of Bear Ceremonialism at the Feltus Mounds. In Shaman, Priest, Practice, Belief: Materials of Religion and Ritual in Eastern North America, edited by Carmody, Stephen B. and Barrier, Casey R., in press. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Kelley, David B. 1990 Coles Creek Period Faunal Exploitation in the Ouachita River Valley of Southern Arkansas: The Evidence from the Paw Paw site. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Kelly, Lucretia S. 2001 A Case of Ritual Feasting at the Cahokia Site. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 334–367. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kerner, Susanne, Chou, Cynthia, and Warmind, Morten (editors) 2015 Commensality: From Everyday Food to Feast. Bloomsbury Academic, New York.Google Scholar
Kidder, Tristram R. 1992 Coles Creek Period Social Organization and Evolution in Northeast Louisiana. In Lords of the Southeast: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America, edited by Barker, Alex and Pauketat, Timothy, pp. 145–162. Archaeological Papers No. 3. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Kidder, Tristram R. 1993 1992 Archaeological Test Excavations in Tensas Parish, Louisiana. Archaeological Report 2. Center for Archaeology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Kidder, Tristram R., and Fritz, Gayle J. 1993 Subsistence and Social Change in the Lower Mississippi Valley: The Reno Brake and Osceola Sites, Louisiana. Journal of Field Archaeology 20:281–297.Google Scholar
Kirch, Patrick V. 2001 Polynesian Feasting in Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic, and Archaeological Contexts: A Comparison of Three Societies. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 168–184. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Knight, Vernon James 2001 Feasting and the Emergence of Platform Mound Ceremonialism in Eastern North America. In Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, edited by Dietler, Michael and Hayden, Brian, pp. 311–333. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Knight, Vernon James 2004 Characterizing Elite Midden Deposits at Moundville. American Antiquity 69:304–321.Google Scholar
LeCount, Lisa J. 2001 Like Water for Chocolate: Feasting and Political Ritual Among the Late Classic Maya at Xunantunich, Belize. American Anthropologist 103:935–953.Google Scholar
Lee, Aubra L., Smith, Rhonda L., Yakubik, Jill-Karen, Kidder, Tristram R., Saenz, Ruben I., Maygarden, Benjamin, Fritz, Gayle, and Saucier, Roger T. 1997 Archaeological Data Recovery at the Birds Creek Site (16CT416), Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. Earth Search, New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Lehner, Mark 1997 The Complete Pyramids. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 1963 Totemism. Beacon, Boston.Google Scholar
Lindauer, Owen, and Blitz, John H. 1997 Higher Ground: The Archaeology of North American Platform Mounds. Journal of Archaeological Research 5:169–207.Google Scholar
Listi, Ginesse 2008 Bioarchaeological Analysis of Diet and Nutrition during the Coles Creek Period in the Lower Mississippi Valley. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 2004 Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest. In Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest: Proceedings of the 2002 Southwest Symposium, edited by Mills, Barbara J., pp. 1–23. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. (editor) 2004 Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest: Proceedings of the 2002 Southwest Symposium. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Nelson, Erin Stevens, and Kassabaum, Megan C. 2014 Expanding Social Networks through Ritual Deposition. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 29(1):103–128.Google Scholar
Pauketat, Timothy R., Kelly, Lucretia S., Fritz, Gayle J., Lopinot, Neal H., Elias, Scott, and Hargrave, Eve 2002 The Residues of Feasting and Public Ritual at Early Cahokia. American Antiquity 67:257–279.Google Scholar
Peebles, Christopher S., and Kus, Susan M. 1977 Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Societies. American Antiquity 42:421–448.Google Scholar
Peles, Ashley, and Kassabaum, Megan C. 2020 Re-Examining the Evidence for Bear Ceremonialism in the Lower Mississippi Valley. In Bears: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Perspectives in Native Eastern North America, edited by Lapham, Heather A. and Waselkov, Gregory, in press. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Peres, Tanya M. 2017 Foodways Archaeology: A Decade of Research from the Southeastern United States. Journal of Archaeological Research 25:421–460.Google Scholar
Pluckhahn, Thomas J., Compton, J. Matthew, and Bonhage-Freund, Mary Theresa 2006 Evidence of Small-Scale Feasting from the Woodland Period Site of Kolomoki, Georgia. Journal of Field Archaeology 31:263–284.Google Scholar
Pollock, Susan 2003 Feasts, Funerals, and Fast Food in Early Mesopotamian States. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Bray, Tamara, pp. 17–38. Kluwer Academic, Boston.Google Scholar
Pollock, Susan 2015 Towards an Archaeology of Commensal Spaces: An Introduction. In Between Feasts and Daily Meals: Towards an Archaeology of Commensal Spaces, edited by Pollock, Susan, pp. 7–28. Humboldt-Universität, Berlin.Google Scholar
Potter, James M. 2000 Pots, Parties, and Politics: Communal Feasting in the American Southwest. American Antiquity 65:471–492.Google Scholar
Potter, James M., and Ortman, Scott G. 2004 Community and Cuisine in the Prehispanic Southwest. In Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest: Proceedings of the 2002 Southwest Symposium, edited by Mills, Barbara J., pp. 173–191. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Rafferty, Sean Michael, and Mann, Rob (editors) 2004 Smoking and Culture: the Archaeology of Tobacco Pipes in Eastern North America. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Ralph, Sarah 2007 Feasting and Social Complexity in Later Iron Age East Anglia. BAR British Series 451. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin 1985 The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Richards, Colin, and Thomas, Julian 1984 Ritual Activity and Structured Deposition in Later Neolithic Wessex. In Neolithic Studies: A Review of Some Current Research, edited by Bradley, Richard and Gardiner, Julie, pp. 189–218. BAR British Series 133. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Rockwell, David 1991 Giving Voice to Bear: North American Indian Rituals, Myths, and Images of the Bear. Roberts Rhinehart, Niwot, Colorado.Google Scholar
Roberts, Katherine M. 2006 Seasonality, Optimal Foraging, and Prehistoric Plant Food Production in the Lower Mississippi in the Tensas Basin, Northeast Louisiana. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
Roe, Lori M. 2010 Social Complexity and Mound Ceremony in the Coles Creek Culture: Research at the Raffman Mound Center in Madison Parish, Louisiana. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Roe, Lori M., and Schilling, Timothy M. 2010 Coles Creek. In Archaeology of Louisiana, edited by Rees, Mark A., pp. 157–171. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.Google Scholar
Ryan, Joanne (editor) 2004 Data Recovery Excavations at the Hedgeland Site (16CT19), Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. Coastal Environments, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Sahlins, Marshall 1972 Stone Age Economics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Sassaman, Kenneth E. 1993 Early Pottery in the Southeast: Tradition and Innovation in Cooking Technology. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Sherratt, Susan 2004 Feasting in Homeric Epic. Hesperia 73:301–337.Google Scholar
Spielmann, Katherine A. 2002 Feasting, Craft Specialization, and the Ritual Mode of Production in Small-Scale Societies. American Anthropologist 104:195–207.Google Scholar
Springer, James Warren 1981 An Ethnohistoric Study of the Smoking Complex in Eastern North America. Ethnohistory 28:217–235.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, Paul B. 1984 The Sacred Pipe in American Indian Religions. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 8(3):27–80.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, Vincas P. 1986 Prehistoric Archaeology in the Southeastern United States, 1970–1985. Annual Review of Anthropology 15:363–404.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, Vincas P., Kassabaum, Megan C., and O'Hear, John W. 2012 Coles Creek Earthworks and Ritual at the Feltus Mounds in Southwest Mississippi, AD 700–1100. Poster presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Memphis, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, Vincas P., Kassabaum, Megan C., and O'Hear, John W. 2014 Coles Creek Predecessors. In Medieval Mississippians: The Cahokian World, edited by Alt, Susan M. and Pauketat, Timothy R., pp. 12–19. SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Strong, Roy 2002 Feast: A Grand History of Eating. Johnathan Cape, London.Google Scholar
Swenson, Edward 2015 The Archaeology of Ritual. Annual Review of Anthropology 44:329–345.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. 1990 Monumental Architecture: A Thermodynamic Explanation of Symbolic Behaviour. World Archaeology 22:119–132.Google Scholar
Twiss, Katheryn C. 2007 Home Is Where the Hearth Is: Food and Identity in the Neolithic Levant. In The Archaeology of Food and Identity, edited by Twiss, Katheryn C., pp. 50–68. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 34. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Twiss, Katheryn C. 2008 Transformations in an Early Agricultural Society: Feasting in the Southern Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:418–442.Google Scholar
Twiss, Katheryn C. 2015 Food and Identity. In The Archaeology of Food: An Encyclopedia, edited by Metheny, Karen Bescherer and Beaudry, Mary C., pp. 189–191. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland.Google Scholar
Twiss, Katheryn C. (editor) 2007 The Archaeology of Food and Identity. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 34. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, Marijke 2003 When Is Food a Luxury? World Archaeology 34:405–427.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M. 1999 Feasting and Status at the Toqua Site. Southeastern Archaeology 18:24–34.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M. 2010 Simple Measures for Integrating Plant and Animal Remains. In Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany: A Consideration of Issues, Methods, and Cases, edited by Peres, Tanya M. and VanDerwarker, Amber M., pp. 65–74. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M., and Peres, Tanya M. (editors) 2010 Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany: A Consideration of Issues, Methods, and Cases. Springer, New York.Google Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M., Scarry, C. Margaret, and Eastman, Jane M. 2007 Menus for Families and Feasts: Household and Community Consumption of Plants at Upper Saratown, North Carolina. In The Archaeology of Food and Identity, edited by Twiss, Katheryn C., pp. 16–49. Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper No. 34. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Van Keuren, Scott 2004 Crafting Feasts in the Prehispanic Southwest. In Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest: Proceedings of the 2002 Southwest Symposium, edited by Mills, Barbara J., pp. 192–209. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Wallis, Neill J., and Blessing, Meggan E. 2015 Big Feasts and Small Scale Foragers: Pit Features as Feast Events in the American Southeast. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 39:1–18.Google Scholar
Welch, Paul D., and Margaret Scarry, C. 1995 Status-Related Variation in Foodways in the Moundville Chiefdom. American Antiquity 60:397–419.Google Scholar
Wells, Douglas C. 1998 The Early Coles Creek Period and the Evolution of Social Inequality in the Lower Mississippi Valley. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.Google Scholar
Wiessner, Polly, and Schiefenhövel, Wulf (editors) 1996 Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Berghahn, Providence, Rhode Island.Google Scholar
Williams, Michele L. 2000 Evidence for Medicinal Plants in the Paleoethnobotanical Record of the Eastern United States during the Late Woodland through Mississippian Periods. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.Google Scholar
Wills, W. H., and Crown, Patricia L. 2004 Commensal Politics in the Prehispanic Southwest: An Introductory Review. In Identity, Feasting, and the Archaeology of the Greater Southwest: Proceedings of the 2002 Southwest Symposium, edited by Mills, Barbara J., pp. 153–172. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Windham, R. Jeannine 2011 Exploitation and Feasting at the Glass site (9TF145). Journal of Global Initiatives 5(1):19–34.Google Scholar
Wright, James C. (editor) 2004 The Mycenaean Feast. American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Athens.Google Scholar
Young, Michael W. 1971 Fighting with Food: Leadership, Values and Social Control in a Massim Society. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar